用Google特殊搜索 准确寻找可用资源
搜索Google大家都用过吧？我们正是利用它强劲的搜索功能来突破封锁下载，Google搜索和限制下载有什么关系，没可能实现吧？不要不相信哦，往下看哦！
首先打开Google，在关键词输入框中输入“"index of/"inurl:lib”，选择“搜索简体中文网页”选项，回车搜索，得到了一些网页，不要以为这是一些普通的页面，其实它们是一些图书网站的资源列表，点击打开它来看看，怎么样？是不是所有资源一收眼底了？
使用其他关键字可能得到更多的资源：
在搜索框上输入：“"index of /"cnki”，按搜索你就可以找到许多图书馆的CNKI、VIP、超星等入口！
在搜索框上输入：“"index of /" ppt”，按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载powerpint作品！
在搜索框上输入：“"index of /"mp3”，按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载mp3、rm等影视作品！
在搜索框上输入：“"index of /"swf ”，按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载flash作品！
在搜索框上输入：“"index of /"”加上要下载的软件名，按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载软件！
在搜索框上输入：“"index of /"AVI”，按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载AVI视频
到这里，大家也许都明白了，其实就是“"index of /"”这个关键词在起的作用，使用它可以直接进入网站首页下的所有文件和文件夹中，不必在通过HTTP的网页形式了，从而避免了那些网站的限制，作到了突破限制下载。另外八哥网(http://www.it8g.com)提醒大家，对于百度而言同样提供了常用文档搜索功能，大家可以登录“http://file.baidu.com/”进行搜索使用。
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Wednesday, April 8, 2009
中国人的姓氏日语怎么读
常有网友问中国人的姓氏日语怎么读？也常有人发表相关资料，给大家带来知识和方便。但是
，不少网友在这些资料中，怎么也查不到自己的姓日语怎么读，并为此而着急和苦苦寻找。笔
者利用手头资料，花费了许多时间，编成了这个《中日对照百家姓》发表于此，希望大家能够
喜欢并不吝指正。（笔者附言：从未见过这样的资料发表）
《中日对照百家姓》是完全按照我国流行的《百家姓》序编排的，因此也可让不熟悉《百家姓
》的朋友了解相关知识，可谓一举两得。
(部分无日语汉字对照,按汉语发音）
赵趙 ちょう 钱錢 せん 孙孫 そん 李李 り
周周 しゅう 吴吳 ご 郑鄭 てい 王王 おう
冯馮 ひょう 陈陳 ちん 褚褚 ちょ 卫衛 えい
蒋蔣 しょう 沈沈 ちん 韩韓 かん 杨楊 よう
朱朱 しゅ 秦秦 しん 尤尤 ゆう 许許 きょ
何何 か 吕呂 りょ 施施 し 张張 ちょう
孔孔 こう 曹曹 そう 严厳 げん 华華 か
金金 きん 魏魏 ぎ 陶陶 とう 姜姜 きょう
戚戚 せき 谢謝 しゃ 邹 すう 喻喩 ゆ
柏柏 はく 水水 すい 窦 とう 章章 しょう
云雲 うん 苏蘇 そ 潘潘 はん 葛葛 かつ
奚渓 けい 范范 はん 彭彭 ほう 郎郎 ろう
鲁魯 ろ 韦韋 い 昌昌 しょう 马馬 ば
苗苗 みょう 凤鳳 ほう 花花 か 方方 ほう
俞俞 ゆ 任任 にん 袁袁 えん 柳柳 りゅう
酆 （缺） 鲍 ほう 史史 し 唐唐 とう
费費 ひ 廉廉 れん 岑岑 しん 薛薛 せつ
雷雷 らい 贺賀 が 倪倪 げい 汤湯 とう
滕藤 とう 殷殷 いん 罗羅 ら 毕畢 ひつ
郝 かく 邬 う 安安 あん 常常 じょう
乐樂 がく 于于 う 时時 じ 傅傅 ふ
皮皮 ひ 卞 べん 齐齊 せい 康康 こう
伍伍 ご 余余 よ 元元 げん 卜 ぼく
顾顧 こ 孟孟 もう 平平 へい 黄黃 こう
和和 わ 穆穆 ぼく、もく 萧蕭 しょう 尹尹 いん
姚姚 よう 邵邵 しょう 湛 (缺) 汪汪 おう
祁祁 き 毛毛 もう 禹 う 狄狄 てき
米米 べい 贝貝 ばい 明明 めい、みょう 臧 そう
计計 けい 伏伏 ふく 成成 せい 戴戴 たい
谈談 たん 宋宋 そう 茅茅 ぼう 庞 ほう
熊熊 ゆう 纪紀 き 舒舒 しょ 屈屈 くつ
项項 こう 祝祝 しゅく 董董 とう 粱梁 りょう
杜杜 と 阮阮 げん 蓝藍 らん 闵 びん
席席 せき 季季 き 麻麻 ま 强強 きょう
贾賈 こ 路路 ろ 娄婁 ろう 危危 き
江江 こう 童童 どう 颜顔 がん 郭郭 かく
梅梅 ばい 盛盛 せい 林林 りん 刁 ちょう
钟鍾 しょう 徐徐 じょ 邱邱 きゅう 骆駱 らく
高高 こう 夏夏 か 蔡蔡 さい 田田 でん
樊樊 はん 胡胡 こ 凌凌 りょう 霍霍 かく
虞虞 ぐ 万萬 まん 支支 し 柯 か
昝 (缺) 管管 かん 卢盧 ろ 莫莫 ばく
经経 けい 房房 ぼう 裘 きゅう 缪謬 びゅう
干幹 かん 解解 かい 应応 おう 宗宗 そう
丁丁 てい 宣宣 せん 贲 (缺) 邓鄧 とう
郁郁 いく 单単 ぜん 杭杭 こう 洪洪 こう
包包 ほう 诸諸 しょ 左左 さ 石石 せき
崔崔 さい 吉吉 きち 钮 ちゅう 龚 きょう
程程 てい 嵇 (缺) 邢 けい 滑滑 かつ
裴 ひ 陆陸 りく 荣榮 えい 翁翁 おう
荀荀 じゅん 羊羊 よう 於於 お 惠恵 けい
甄 けん 魏 き 家家 か 封封 ふう
芮 ぜい 羿 (缺) 储儲 ちょ 靳 きん
汲汲 きゅう 邴 へい 糜 松松 しょう
井井 せい 段段 だん 富富 ふ 巫巫 ふ
乌烏 う 焦焦 しょう 巴巴 は 弓弓 きゅう
牧牧 ぼく 隗隗 かい 山山 さん 谷谷 こく
车車 しゃ 侯侯 こう 宓 (缺) 蓬蓬 ほう
全全 ぜん 郗 (缺) 班班 はん 仰仰 ぎょう、こう
秋秋 しゅう 仲 ちゅう 伊伊 い 宫宮 きゅう
宁寧 ねい 仇仇 きゅう 栾 らん 暴暴 ぼう
甘甘 かん 钭斜 しゃ 厉 れい 戎戎 じゅう
祖祖 そ 武武 ぶ 符符 ふ 刘劉 りゅう
景景 けい 詹 たん 束束 そく 龙龍 りゅう
叶葉 よう 幸幸 こう 司司 し 韶 しょう
郜 こう 黎黎 れい 蓟 けい 薄 ぼ
印印 いん 宿宿 しゅく 白白 はく 怀懐 かい
蒲蒲 ほ 台台 だい 从従 じゅ 鄂 がく
索索 さく 咸 かん 籍籍 せき 赖賴 らい
卓卓 たく 蔺 りん 屠屠 と 蒙蒙 もう
池池 ち 乔喬 きょう 阴陰 いん 郁郁 いく
胥 (缺) 能能 のう 苍蒼 そう 双双 そう
闻聞 ぶん 莘 (缺) 党党 とう 翟 てき
谭譚 たん 贡貢 こう 劳労 ろう 逄 (缺)
姬姫 き 申申 しん 扶扶 ふ 堵堵 と
冉 ぜん 宰宰 さい 郦 り 雍 よう
卻 げき 璩 (缺) 桑桑 そう 桂桂 けい
濮 ぼく 牛牛 ぎゅう 寿寿 じゅ 通通 つう
边辺 へん 扈 こ 燕燕 えん 冀 き
郏 きょう 浦浦 ほ 尚尚 しょう 农農 のう
温溫 おん 别別 べつ 庄莊 そう 晏 あん
柴柴 さい 瞿 く 阎閻 えん 充充 じゅう
慕慕 ぼ 连連 れん 茹 じょ 习習 しゅう
宦 (缺) 艾 がい 鱼魚 ぎょ 容容 よう
向向 こう 古古 こ 易易 い 慎慎 しん
戈 か 廖廖 りょう 庚庚 こう 终終 しゅう
暨既 き 居居 きょ 衡衡 こう 步歩 ほ、ぶ
都都 と 耿耿 こう 满満 まん 弘弘 こう
匡匡 きょう 国国 こく 文文 ぶん 寇 こう
广広 こう 禄禄 ろく 阙 けつ 东東 とう
欧歐 おう 殳 (缺) 沃沃 よく 利利 り
蔚蔚 い 越越 えつ 夔 き 隆隆 りゅう
师師 し 巩 きょう 厍庫 こ 聂聶 じょう
晁 ちょう 勾勾 こう 敖 ごう 融融 ゆう
冷冷 れい 訾 (缺) 辛辛 しん 阚 かん
那那 な 简簡 かん 饶 じょう 空空 くう
曾曾 そう 毋 (缺) 沙沙 さ 乜 (缺)
养養 よう 鞠鞠 きく 须須 しゅ、す 丰豊 ほう
巢巣 そう 关関 かん 蒯 かい 相相 そう
查查 さ 后 こう 荆荊 けい 红紅 こう
游 ゆう 竺竺 じく 权権 けん 逯 ろく
盖蓋 がい 後後 こう、ご 桓 (缺) 公公 こう
万俟 司马 しば 上官 じょうかん 欧阳 おうよう
夏侯 かこう 诸葛 しょかつ 闻人 东方
赫连 かくれん 皇甫 こうほ 尉迟 公羊
澹台 たんだい 公冶 こうや 宗政 濮阳
淳于 单于 ぜんう 太叔 たいしゅく 申屠 しんと
公孙 こうそん 仲孙 轩辕 けんえん 令狐
钟离 しょうり 宇文 长孙 慕容
鲜于 闾丘 司徒 しと 司空 しくう
亓官 司寇 しこう 仉督 子车
颛孙 端木 巫马 公西
漆雕 乐正 壤驷 公良 こうりょう
拓拔 夹谷 宰父 谷粱
晋晋 しん 楚楚 そ 闫閻 えん 法法 ほう
汝汝 じょ 鄢 (缺) 涂 と 钦欽 きん
段干 百里 ひゃくり 东郭 とうかく 南门
呼延 こえん 归海 羊舌 微生
岳帅 缑亢 况后 有琴
梁丘 左丘 东门 とうもん 西门 せいもん
商商 しょう 牟牟 む 佘佘 じゃ 佴 (缺)
伯伯 はく 赏賞 しょう 南南 なん 宫宮 きゅう
墨墨 ぼく 哈 ごう 谯 しょう 笪 (缺)
年年 ねん 爱愛 あい 阳陽 よう 佟 とう
第第 だい 五五 ご 言言 げん 福福 ふく
，不少网友在这些资料中，怎么也查不到自己的姓日语怎么读，并为此而着急和苦苦寻找。笔
者利用手头资料，花费了许多时间，编成了这个《中日对照百家姓》发表于此，希望大家能够
喜欢并不吝指正。（笔者附言：从未见过这样的资料发表）
《中日对照百家姓》是完全按照我国流行的《百家姓》序编排的，因此也可让不熟悉《百家姓
》的朋友了解相关知识，可谓一举两得。
(部分无日语汉字对照,按汉语发音）
赵趙 ちょう 钱錢 せん 孙孫 そん 李李 り
周周 しゅう 吴吳 ご 郑鄭 てい 王王 おう
冯馮 ひょう 陈陳 ちん 褚褚 ちょ 卫衛 えい
蒋蔣 しょう 沈沈 ちん 韩韓 かん 杨楊 よう
朱朱 しゅ 秦秦 しん 尤尤 ゆう 许許 きょ
何何 か 吕呂 りょ 施施 し 张張 ちょう
孔孔 こう 曹曹 そう 严厳 げん 华華 か
金金 きん 魏魏 ぎ 陶陶 とう 姜姜 きょう
戚戚 せき 谢謝 しゃ 邹 すう 喻喩 ゆ
柏柏 はく 水水 すい 窦 とう 章章 しょう
云雲 うん 苏蘇 そ 潘潘 はん 葛葛 かつ
奚渓 けい 范范 はん 彭彭 ほう 郎郎 ろう
鲁魯 ろ 韦韋 い 昌昌 しょう 马馬 ば
苗苗 みょう 凤鳳 ほう 花花 か 方方 ほう
俞俞 ゆ 任任 にん 袁袁 えん 柳柳 りゅう
酆 （缺） 鲍 ほう 史史 し 唐唐 とう
费費 ひ 廉廉 れん 岑岑 しん 薛薛 せつ
雷雷 らい 贺賀 が 倪倪 げい 汤湯 とう
滕藤 とう 殷殷 いん 罗羅 ら 毕畢 ひつ
郝 かく 邬 う 安安 あん 常常 じょう
乐樂 がく 于于 う 时時 じ 傅傅 ふ
皮皮 ひ 卞 べん 齐齊 せい 康康 こう
伍伍 ご 余余 よ 元元 げん 卜 ぼく
顾顧 こ 孟孟 もう 平平 へい 黄黃 こう
和和 わ 穆穆 ぼく、もく 萧蕭 しょう 尹尹 いん
姚姚 よう 邵邵 しょう 湛 (缺) 汪汪 おう
祁祁 き 毛毛 もう 禹 う 狄狄 てき
米米 べい 贝貝 ばい 明明 めい、みょう 臧 そう
计計 けい 伏伏 ふく 成成 せい 戴戴 たい
谈談 たん 宋宋 そう 茅茅 ぼう 庞 ほう
熊熊 ゆう 纪紀 き 舒舒 しょ 屈屈 くつ
项項 こう 祝祝 しゅく 董董 とう 粱梁 りょう
杜杜 と 阮阮 げん 蓝藍 らん 闵 びん
席席 せき 季季 き 麻麻 ま 强強 きょう
贾賈 こ 路路 ろ 娄婁 ろう 危危 き
江江 こう 童童 どう 颜顔 がん 郭郭 かく
梅梅 ばい 盛盛 せい 林林 りん 刁 ちょう
钟鍾 しょう 徐徐 じょ 邱邱 きゅう 骆駱 らく
高高 こう 夏夏 か 蔡蔡 さい 田田 でん
樊樊 はん 胡胡 こ 凌凌 りょう 霍霍 かく
虞虞 ぐ 万萬 まん 支支 し 柯 か
昝 (缺) 管管 かん 卢盧 ろ 莫莫 ばく
经経 けい 房房 ぼう 裘 きゅう 缪謬 びゅう
干幹 かん 解解 かい 应応 おう 宗宗 そう
丁丁 てい 宣宣 せん 贲 (缺) 邓鄧 とう
郁郁 いく 单単 ぜん 杭杭 こう 洪洪 こう
包包 ほう 诸諸 しょ 左左 さ 石石 せき
崔崔 さい 吉吉 きち 钮 ちゅう 龚 きょう
程程 てい 嵇 (缺) 邢 けい 滑滑 かつ
裴 ひ 陆陸 りく 荣榮 えい 翁翁 おう
荀荀 じゅん 羊羊 よう 於於 お 惠恵 けい
甄 けん 魏 き 家家 か 封封 ふう
芮 ぜい 羿 (缺) 储儲 ちょ 靳 きん
汲汲 きゅう 邴 へい 糜 松松 しょう
井井 せい 段段 だん 富富 ふ 巫巫 ふ
乌烏 う 焦焦 しょう 巴巴 は 弓弓 きゅう
牧牧 ぼく 隗隗 かい 山山 さん 谷谷 こく
车車 しゃ 侯侯 こう 宓 (缺) 蓬蓬 ほう
全全 ぜん 郗 (缺) 班班 はん 仰仰 ぎょう、こう
秋秋 しゅう 仲 ちゅう 伊伊 い 宫宮 きゅう
宁寧 ねい 仇仇 きゅう 栾 らん 暴暴 ぼう
甘甘 かん 钭斜 しゃ 厉 れい 戎戎 じゅう
祖祖 そ 武武 ぶ 符符 ふ 刘劉 りゅう
景景 けい 詹 たん 束束 そく 龙龍 りゅう
叶葉 よう 幸幸 こう 司司 し 韶 しょう
郜 こう 黎黎 れい 蓟 けい 薄 ぼ
印印 いん 宿宿 しゅく 白白 はく 怀懐 かい
蒲蒲 ほ 台台 だい 从従 じゅ 鄂 がく
索索 さく 咸 かん 籍籍 せき 赖賴 らい
卓卓 たく 蔺 りん 屠屠 と 蒙蒙 もう
池池 ち 乔喬 きょう 阴陰 いん 郁郁 いく
胥 (缺) 能能 のう 苍蒼 そう 双双 そう
闻聞 ぶん 莘 (缺) 党党 とう 翟 てき
谭譚 たん 贡貢 こう 劳労 ろう 逄 (缺)
姬姫 き 申申 しん 扶扶 ふ 堵堵 と
冉 ぜん 宰宰 さい 郦 り 雍 よう
卻 げき 璩 (缺) 桑桑 そう 桂桂 けい
濮 ぼく 牛牛 ぎゅう 寿寿 じゅ 通通 つう
边辺 へん 扈 こ 燕燕 えん 冀 き
郏 きょう 浦浦 ほ 尚尚 しょう 农農 のう
温溫 おん 别別 べつ 庄莊 そう 晏 あん
柴柴 さい 瞿 く 阎閻 えん 充充 じゅう
慕慕 ぼ 连連 れん 茹 じょ 习習 しゅう
宦 (缺) 艾 がい 鱼魚 ぎょ 容容 よう
向向 こう 古古 こ 易易 い 慎慎 しん
戈 か 廖廖 りょう 庚庚 こう 终終 しゅう
暨既 き 居居 きょ 衡衡 こう 步歩 ほ、ぶ
都都 と 耿耿 こう 满満 まん 弘弘 こう
匡匡 きょう 国国 こく 文文 ぶん 寇 こう
广広 こう 禄禄 ろく 阙 けつ 东東 とう
欧歐 おう 殳 (缺) 沃沃 よく 利利 り
蔚蔚 い 越越 えつ 夔 き 隆隆 りゅう
师師 し 巩 きょう 厍庫 こ 聂聶 じょう
晁 ちょう 勾勾 こう 敖 ごう 融融 ゆう
冷冷 れい 訾 (缺) 辛辛 しん 阚 かん
那那 な 简簡 かん 饶 じょう 空空 くう
曾曾 そう 毋 (缺) 沙沙 さ 乜 (缺)
养養 よう 鞠鞠 きく 须須 しゅ、す 丰豊 ほう
巢巣 そう 关関 かん 蒯 かい 相相 そう
查查 さ 后 こう 荆荊 けい 红紅 こう
游 ゆう 竺竺 じく 权権 けん 逯 ろく
盖蓋 がい 後後 こう、ご 桓 (缺) 公公 こう
万俟 司马 しば 上官 じょうかん 欧阳 おうよう
夏侯 かこう 诸葛 しょかつ 闻人 东方
赫连 かくれん 皇甫 こうほ 尉迟 公羊
澹台 たんだい 公冶 こうや 宗政 濮阳
淳于 单于 ぜんう 太叔 たいしゅく 申屠 しんと
公孙 こうそん 仲孙 轩辕 けんえん 令狐
钟离 しょうり 宇文 长孙 慕容
鲜于 闾丘 司徒 しと 司空 しくう
亓官 司寇 しこう 仉督 子车
颛孙 端木 巫马 公西
漆雕 乐正 壤驷 公良 こうりょう
拓拔 夹谷 宰父 谷粱
晋晋 しん 楚楚 そ 闫閻 えん 法法 ほう
汝汝 じょ 鄢 (缺) 涂 と 钦欽 きん
段干 百里 ひゃくり 东郭 とうかく 南门
呼延 こえん 归海 羊舌 微生
岳帅 缑亢 况后 有琴
梁丘 左丘 东门 とうもん 西门 せいもん
商商 しょう 牟牟 む 佘佘 じゃ 佴 (缺)
伯伯 はく 赏賞 しょう 南南 なん 宫宮 きゅう
墨墨 ぼく 哈 ごう 谯 しょう 笪 (缺)
年年 ねん 爱愛 あい 阳陽 よう 佟 とう
第第 だい 五五 ご 言言 げん 福福 ふく
模具如何进行归类
模具是现代工业的重要工艺装备，是许多工业产品生产中不可缺少的组成部分。我国加入 WTO以后，吸引外资能力的逐年增强，成为世界产品制造工厂地位愈加突出，各类工业品模具的进口越来越多。
模具的类型通常是按照加工对象和工艺的不同进行分类，从行业角度的区分来看主要有塑料模具、橡胶模具、金属冷冲模具、金属冷挤压模具和热挤压模具、金属拉拔模具、粉末冶金模具、金属压铸模具、金属精密铸造模具、玻璃模具、玻璃钢模具等等。
虽然模具种类很多，但在税则归类中主要涉及税目 84.80和82.07项下的有关子目。
下面仅就进口最为常见的塑料制品成型加工中所用不同类型的模具如何进行归类作一介绍。
塑料最常见的成型方法一般分为熔体成型和固相成型两大类：熔体成型是把塑料加热至熔点以上，使之处于熔融态进行成型加工的方式，属于此种成型方法的模塑工艺主要有注射成型、压塑（缩）成型、挤出成型等；固相成型是指塑料在熔融温度以下保持固态下的一类成型方法，如一些塑料包装容器生产的真空成型、压缩空气成型和吹塑成型等。此外还有液态成型方式，如铸塑成型、搪塑和蘸浸成型法等。
按照上述成型方法的不同，可以划分出对应不同工艺要求的塑料加工模具类型，主要有注射成型模具、挤出成型模具、压塑成型模具、吹塑成型模具、吸塑成型模具、高发泡聚苯乙烯成型模具等。
塑料注射（塑）模具 : 它主要是热塑性塑料件产品生产中应用最为普遍的一种成型模具，塑料注射成型模具对应的加工设备是塑料注射成型机，塑料首先在注射机底加热料筒内受热熔融，然后在注射机的螺杆或柱塞推动下，经注射机喷嘴和模具的浇注系统进入模具型腔，塑料冷却硬化成型，脱模得到制品。其结构通常由成型部件、浇注系统、导向部件、推出机构、调温系统、排气系统、支撑部件等部分组成。制造材料通常采用塑料模具钢模块，常用的材质主要为碳素结构钢、碳素工具钢、合金工具钢、高速钢等。注射成型加工方式通常只适用于热塑性塑料品种的制品生产，用注射成型工艺生产的塑料制品十分广泛，从生活日用品到各类复杂的机械、电器、交通工具零件等都是用注射模具成型的，它是塑料制品生产中应用最广的一种加工方法。塑料注射（塑）成型模具应归入税号 8480.7100。
塑料压塑模具 : 包括压缩成型和压注成型两种结构模具类型。它们是主要用来成型热固性塑料的一类模具，其所对应的设备是压力成型机。压缩成型方法是根据塑料特性，将模具加热至成型温度（一般在 103℃－180℃），然后将计量好的压塑粉放入模具型腔和加料室，闭合模具，塑料在高热、高压作用下呈软化粘流，经一定时间后固化定型，成为所需制品形状。压注成型与压缩成型不同的是设有单独的加料室，成型前模具先闭合，塑料在加料室内完成预热呈粘流态，在压力作用下高速挤入模具型腔，硬化成型。压缩模具也用来成型某些特殊的热塑性塑料如难以熔融的热塑性塑料（如聚四氟乙烯）毛坯（冷压成型）、光学性能很高的树脂镜片、轻微发泡的硝酸纤维素汽车方向盘等。压塑模具主要由型腔、加料腔、导向机构、推出部件、加热系统等组成。压注模具广泛用于封装电器元件方面。压塑模具制造所用材质与注射模具基本相同。塑料压塑成型模具应归入税号8480.7100。
塑料挤出模具 : 是用来成型生产连续形状的塑料产品的一类模具，又叫挤出成型机头，广泛用于管材、棒材、单丝、板材、薄膜、电线电缆包覆层、异型材等的加工。与其对应的生产设备是塑料挤出机，其原理是固态塑料在加热和挤出机的螺杆旋转加压条件下熔融、塑化，通过特定形状的口模而制成截面与口模形状相同的连续塑料制品。其制造材料主要有碳素结构钢、合金工具钢等，有些挤出模具在需要耐磨的部件上还会镶嵌金刚石等耐磨材料。挤出加工工艺通常只适用于热塑性塑料品种制品的生产，其在结构上与注塑模具和压塑模具有明显区别。塑料挤出成型模具应归税号 8480.7900。
塑料吹塑模具 : 是用来成型塑料容器类中空制品（如饮料瓶、日化用品等各种包装容器）的一种模具，吹塑成型的形式按工艺原理主要有挤出吹塑中空成型、注射吹塑中空成型、注射延伸吹塑中空成型（俗称“注拉吹”）、多层吹塑中空成型、片材吹塑中空成型等。中空制品吹塑成型所对应的设备通常称为塑料吹塑成型机，吹塑成型只适用于热塑性塑料品种制品的生产。吹塑模具结构较为简单，所用材料多以碳素钢制造。吹塑模具应归入税号 8480.7900。
塑料吸塑模具 : 是以塑料板、片材为原料成型某些较简单塑料制品的一种模具，其原理是利用抽真空成型方法或压缩空气成型方法使固定在凹模或凸模上的塑料板、片，在加热软化的情况下变形而贴在模具的型腔上得到所需成型产品，主要用于一些日用品、食品、玩具类包装制品生产方面。吸塑模具因成型时压力较低，所以模具材料多选用铸铝或非金属材料制造，结构较为简单。吸塑模具应归入税号 8480.7900。
高发泡聚苯乙烯成型模具 : 是应用可发性聚苯乙烯（由聚苯乙烯和发泡剂组成的珠状粒）原料来成型各种所需形状的泡沫塑料包装材料的一种模具。其原理是可发聚苯乙烯在模具内通入蒸汽成型，包括简易手工操作模具和液压机直通式泡沫塑料模具两种类型，主要用来生产工业品方面的包装产品。制造此种模具的材料有铸铝、不锈钢、青铜等。高发泡聚苯乙烯成型模具应归入税号 8480.7900。
为保证通关归类审核的准确性，不同的塑料成型加工模具在进口时应注意按规范的品名进行申报。
模具的类型通常是按照加工对象和工艺的不同进行分类，从行业角度的区分来看主要有塑料模具、橡胶模具、金属冷冲模具、金属冷挤压模具和热挤压模具、金属拉拔模具、粉末冶金模具、金属压铸模具、金属精密铸造模具、玻璃模具、玻璃钢模具等等。
虽然模具种类很多，但在税则归类中主要涉及税目 84.80和82.07项下的有关子目。
下面仅就进口最为常见的塑料制品成型加工中所用不同类型的模具如何进行归类作一介绍。
塑料最常见的成型方法一般分为熔体成型和固相成型两大类：熔体成型是把塑料加热至熔点以上，使之处于熔融态进行成型加工的方式，属于此种成型方法的模塑工艺主要有注射成型、压塑（缩）成型、挤出成型等；固相成型是指塑料在熔融温度以下保持固态下的一类成型方法，如一些塑料包装容器生产的真空成型、压缩空气成型和吹塑成型等。此外还有液态成型方式，如铸塑成型、搪塑和蘸浸成型法等。
按照上述成型方法的不同，可以划分出对应不同工艺要求的塑料加工模具类型，主要有注射成型模具、挤出成型模具、压塑成型模具、吹塑成型模具、吸塑成型模具、高发泡聚苯乙烯成型模具等。
塑料注射（塑）模具 : 它主要是热塑性塑料件产品生产中应用最为普遍的一种成型模具，塑料注射成型模具对应的加工设备是塑料注射成型机，塑料首先在注射机底加热料筒内受热熔融，然后在注射机的螺杆或柱塞推动下，经注射机喷嘴和模具的浇注系统进入模具型腔，塑料冷却硬化成型，脱模得到制品。其结构通常由成型部件、浇注系统、导向部件、推出机构、调温系统、排气系统、支撑部件等部分组成。制造材料通常采用塑料模具钢模块，常用的材质主要为碳素结构钢、碳素工具钢、合金工具钢、高速钢等。注射成型加工方式通常只适用于热塑性塑料品种的制品生产，用注射成型工艺生产的塑料制品十分广泛，从生活日用品到各类复杂的机械、电器、交通工具零件等都是用注射模具成型的，它是塑料制品生产中应用最广的一种加工方法。塑料注射（塑）成型模具应归入税号 8480.7100。
塑料压塑模具 : 包括压缩成型和压注成型两种结构模具类型。它们是主要用来成型热固性塑料的一类模具，其所对应的设备是压力成型机。压缩成型方法是根据塑料特性，将模具加热至成型温度（一般在 103℃－180℃），然后将计量好的压塑粉放入模具型腔和加料室，闭合模具，塑料在高热、高压作用下呈软化粘流，经一定时间后固化定型，成为所需制品形状。压注成型与压缩成型不同的是设有单独的加料室，成型前模具先闭合，塑料在加料室内完成预热呈粘流态，在压力作用下高速挤入模具型腔，硬化成型。压缩模具也用来成型某些特殊的热塑性塑料如难以熔融的热塑性塑料（如聚四氟乙烯）毛坯（冷压成型）、光学性能很高的树脂镜片、轻微发泡的硝酸纤维素汽车方向盘等。压塑模具主要由型腔、加料腔、导向机构、推出部件、加热系统等组成。压注模具广泛用于封装电器元件方面。压塑模具制造所用材质与注射模具基本相同。塑料压塑成型模具应归入税号8480.7100。
塑料挤出模具 : 是用来成型生产连续形状的塑料产品的一类模具，又叫挤出成型机头，广泛用于管材、棒材、单丝、板材、薄膜、电线电缆包覆层、异型材等的加工。与其对应的生产设备是塑料挤出机，其原理是固态塑料在加热和挤出机的螺杆旋转加压条件下熔融、塑化，通过特定形状的口模而制成截面与口模形状相同的连续塑料制品。其制造材料主要有碳素结构钢、合金工具钢等，有些挤出模具在需要耐磨的部件上还会镶嵌金刚石等耐磨材料。挤出加工工艺通常只适用于热塑性塑料品种制品的生产，其在结构上与注塑模具和压塑模具有明显区别。塑料挤出成型模具应归税号 8480.7900。
塑料吹塑模具 : 是用来成型塑料容器类中空制品（如饮料瓶、日化用品等各种包装容器）的一种模具，吹塑成型的形式按工艺原理主要有挤出吹塑中空成型、注射吹塑中空成型、注射延伸吹塑中空成型（俗称“注拉吹”）、多层吹塑中空成型、片材吹塑中空成型等。中空制品吹塑成型所对应的设备通常称为塑料吹塑成型机，吹塑成型只适用于热塑性塑料品种制品的生产。吹塑模具结构较为简单，所用材料多以碳素钢制造。吹塑模具应归入税号 8480.7900。
塑料吸塑模具 : 是以塑料板、片材为原料成型某些较简单塑料制品的一种模具，其原理是利用抽真空成型方法或压缩空气成型方法使固定在凹模或凸模上的塑料板、片，在加热软化的情况下变形而贴在模具的型腔上得到所需成型产品，主要用于一些日用品、食品、玩具类包装制品生产方面。吸塑模具因成型时压力较低，所以模具材料多选用铸铝或非金属材料制造，结构较为简单。吸塑模具应归入税号 8480.7900。
高发泡聚苯乙烯成型模具 : 是应用可发性聚苯乙烯（由聚苯乙烯和发泡剂组成的珠状粒）原料来成型各种所需形状的泡沫塑料包装材料的一种模具。其原理是可发聚苯乙烯在模具内通入蒸汽成型，包括简易手工操作模具和液压机直通式泡沫塑料模具两种类型，主要用来生产工业品方面的包装产品。制造此种模具的材料有铸铝、不锈钢、青铜等。高发泡聚苯乙烯成型模具应归入税号 8480.7900。
为保证通关归类审核的准确性，不同的塑料成型加工模具在进口时应注意按规范的品名进行申报。
国际长途区号表
国际长途区号表
中文名称cname 英文名称ename 区号code
阿富汗 Afghanistan 93
阿拉斯加 Alaska(U.S.A) 1907
阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 355
阿尔及利亚 Algeria 213
安道尔 Andorra 376
安哥拉 Angola 244
安圭拉岛英) Anguilla I. 1264
安提瓜和巴布达 Antigua and Barbuda 1268
阿根廷 Argentina 54
亚美尼亚 Armenia 374
阿鲁巴岛 Aruba I. 297
阿森松(英) Ascension 247
澳大利亚 Australia 61
奥地利 Austria 43
阿塞拜疆 Azerbaijan 994
巴林 Bahrain 973
孟加拉国 Bangladesh 880
巴巴多斯 Barbados 1246
白俄罗斯 Belarus 375
比利时 Belgium 32
伯利兹 Belize 501
贝宁 Benin 229
百慕大群岛(英) Bermuda Is. 1441
不丹 Bhutan 975
玻利维亚 Bolivia 591
波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia And Herzegovina 387
博茨瓦纳 Botswana 267
巴西 Brazil 55
保加利亚 Bulgaria 359
布基纳法索 Burkinafaso 226
布隆迪 Burundi 257
喀麦隆 Cameroon 237
加拿大 Canada 1
加那利群岛 Canaries Is. 34
佛得角 Cape Verde 238
开曼群岛(英) Cayman Is. 1345
中非 Central Africa 236
乍得 Chad 235
智利 Chile 56
圣诞岛 Christmas I. 61 9164
科科斯岛 Cocos I. 61 9162
哥伦比亚 Colombia 57
巴哈马国 Commonwealth of The Bahamas 1809
多米尼克国 Commonwealth of dominica 1809
科摩罗 Comoro 269
刚果 Congo 242
科克群岛(新) Cook IS. 682
哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica 506
克罗地亚 Croatian 383 385
古巴 Cuba 53
塞浦路斯 Cyprus 357
捷克 Czech 420
丹麦 Denmark 45
迪戈加西亚岛 Diego Garcia I. 246
吉布提 Djibouti 253
多米尼加共和国 Dominican Rep. 1809
厄瓜多尔 Ecuador 593
埃及 Egypt 20
萨尔瓦多 El Salvador 503
赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 240
厄立特里亚 Eritrea 291
爱沙尼亚 Estonia 372
埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 251
福克兰群岛 Falkland Is. 500
法罗群岛(丹) Faroe Is. 298
斐济 Fiji 679
芬兰 Finland 358
法国 France 33
法属圭亚那 French Guiana 594
法属波里尼西亚 French Polynesia 689
加蓬 Gabon 241
冈比亚 Gambia 220
格鲁吉亚 Georgia 995
德国 Germany 49
加纳 Ghana 233
直布罗陀(英) Gibraltar 350
希腊 Greece 30
格陵兰岛 Greenland 299
格林纳达 Grenada 1809
瓜德罗普岛(法) Guadeloupe I. 590
关岛(美) Guam 671
危地马拉 Guatemala 502
几内亚 Guinea 224
几内亚比绍 Guinea-bissau 245
圭亚那 Guyana 592
海地 Haiti 509
夏威夷 Hawaii 1808
洪都拉斯 Honduras 504
匈牙利 HunGary 36
冰岛 Iceland 354
印度 India 91
印度尼西亚 Indonesia 62
伊郎 Iran 98
伊拉克 Iraq 964
爱尔兰 Ireland 353
以色列 Israel 972
意大利 Italy 39
科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 225
牙买加 Jamaica 1876
日本 Japan 81
约旦 Jordan 962
柬埔塞 Kampuchea 855
哈萨克斯坦 Kazakhstan 7
肯尼亚 Kenya 254
基里巴斯 Kiribati 686
朝鲜 Korea(dpr of) 850
韩国 Korea(republic of) 82
科威特 Kuwait 965
吉尔吉斯斯坦 Kyrgyzstan 7
老挝 Laos 856
拉脱维亚 Latvia 371
黎巴嫩 Lebanon 961
莱索托 Lesotho 266
利比里亚 Liberia 231
利比亚 Libya 218
列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 41 75
立陶宛 Lithuania 370
卢森堡 Luxembourg 352
马其顿 Macedonia 389
马达加斯加 Madagascar 261
马拉维 Malawi 265
马来西亚 Malaysia 60
马尔代夫 Maldive 960
马里 Mali 223
马耳他 Malta 356
马里亚纳群岛 Mariana Is. 670
马绍尔群岛 Marshall Is. 692
马提尼克(法) Martinique 596
毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 222
毛里求斯 Mauritius 230
马约特岛 Mayotte I. 269
墨西哥 Mexico 52
密克罗尼西亚(美) Micronesia 691
中途岛(美) Midway I. 1808
摩尔多瓦 Moldova 373
摩纳哥 Monaco 377
蒙古 Mongolia 976
蒙特塞拉特岛(英) Montserrat I. 1664
摩洛哥 Morocco 212
莫桑比克 Mozambique 258
缅甸 Myanmar 95
纳米比亚 Namibia 264
瑙鲁 Nauru 674
尼泊尔 Nepal 977
荷兰 Netherlands 31
荷属安的列斯群岛 Netherlandsantilles Is. 599
新喀里多尼亚群岛(法) New Caledonia Is. 687
新西兰 New Zealand 64
尼加拉瓜 Nicaragua 505
尼日尔 Niger 227
尼日利亚 Nigeria 234
纽埃岛(新) Niue I. 683
诺福克岛(澳) Norfolk I, 6723
挪威 Norway 47
阿曼 Oman 968
帕劳(美) Palau 680
巴拿马 Panama 507
巴布亚新几内亚 Papua New Guinea 675
巴拉圭 Paraguay 595
秘鲁 Peru 51
菲律宾 Philippines 63
波兰 Poland 48
葡萄牙 Portugal 351
巴基斯坦 Pskistan 92
波多黎各(美) Puerto Rico 1787
卡塔尔 Qatar 974
留尼汪岛 Reunion I. 262
罗马尼亚 Rumania 40
俄罗斯 Russia 7
卢旺达 Rwanda 250
东萨摩亚(美) Samoa,Eastern 684
西萨摩亚 Samoa,Western 685
圣马力诺 San.Marino 378
圣皮埃尔岛及密克隆岛 San.Pierre And Miquelon I. 508
圣多美和普林西比 San.Tome And Principe 239
沙特阿拉伯 Saudi Arabia 966
塞内加尔 Senegal 221
塞舌尔 Seychelles 248
新加坡 Singapore 65
斯洛伐克 Slovak 421
斯洛文尼亚 Slovenia 386
所罗门群岛 Solomon Is. 677
索马里 Somali 252
南非 South Africa 27
西班牙 Spain 34
斯里兰卡 Sri Lanka 94
圣克里斯托弗和尼维斯 St.Christopher and Nevis 1809
圣赫勒拿 St.Helena 290
圣卢西亚 St.Lucia 1758
圣文森特岛(英) St.Vincent I. 1784
苏丹 Sudan 249
苏里南 Suriname 597
斯威士兰 Swaziland 268
瑞典 Sweden 46
瑞士 Switzerland 41
叙利亚 Syria 963
塔吉克斯坦 Tajikistan 7
坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 255
泰国 Thailand 66
阿拉伯联合酋长国 The United Arab Emirates 971
多哥 Togo 228
托克劳群岛(新) Tokelau Is. 690
汤加 Tonga 676
特立尼达和多巴哥 Trinidad and Tobago 1809
突尼斯 Tunisia 216
土耳其 Turkey 90
土库曼斯坦 Turkmenistan 993
特克斯和凯科斯群岛( Turks and Caicos Is. 1809
图瓦卢 Tuvalu 688
美国 U.S.A 1
乌干达 Uganda 256
乌克兰 Ukraine 380
英国 United Kingdom 44
乌拉圭 Uruguay 598
乌兹别克斯坦 Uzbekistan 7
瓦努阿图 Vanuatu 678
梵蒂冈 Vatican 379
委内瑞拉 Venezuela 58
越南 Vietnam 84
维尔京群岛(英) Virgin Is. 1809
维尔京群岛和圣罗克伊 Virgin Is. and St.Croix I. 1809
威克岛(美) Wake I. 1808
瓦里斯和富士那群岛( Wallis And Futuna Is. 681
西撒哈拉 Western sahara 967
也门 Yemen 967
南斯拉夫 Yugoslavia 381
扎伊尔 Zaire 243
赞比亚 Zambia 260
桑给巴尔 Zanzibar 259
津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 263
中华人民共和国 P.R.C. 86
以上数据仅供参考
中文名称cname 英文名称ename 区号code
阿富汗 Afghanistan 93
阿拉斯加 Alaska(U.S.A) 1907
阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 355
阿尔及利亚 Algeria 213
安道尔 Andorra 376
安哥拉 Angola 244
安圭拉岛英) Anguilla I. 1264
安提瓜和巴布达 Antigua and Barbuda 1268
阿根廷 Argentina 54
亚美尼亚 Armenia 374
阿鲁巴岛 Aruba I. 297
阿森松(英) Ascension 247
澳大利亚 Australia 61
奥地利 Austria 43
阿塞拜疆 Azerbaijan 994
巴林 Bahrain 973
孟加拉国 Bangladesh 880
巴巴多斯 Barbados 1246
白俄罗斯 Belarus 375
比利时 Belgium 32
伯利兹 Belize 501
贝宁 Benin 229
百慕大群岛(英) Bermuda Is. 1441
不丹 Bhutan 975
玻利维亚 Bolivia 591
波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia And Herzegovina 387
博茨瓦纳 Botswana 267
巴西 Brazil 55
保加利亚 Bulgaria 359
布基纳法索 Burkinafaso 226
布隆迪 Burundi 257
喀麦隆 Cameroon 237
加拿大 Canada 1
加那利群岛 Canaries Is. 34
佛得角 Cape Verde 238
开曼群岛(英) Cayman Is. 1345
中非 Central Africa 236
乍得 Chad 235
智利 Chile 56
圣诞岛 Christmas I. 61 9164
科科斯岛 Cocos I. 61 9162
哥伦比亚 Colombia 57
巴哈马国 Commonwealth of The Bahamas 1809
多米尼克国 Commonwealth of dominica 1809
科摩罗 Comoro 269
刚果 Congo 242
科克群岛(新) Cook IS. 682
哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica 506
克罗地亚 Croatian 383 385
古巴 Cuba 53
塞浦路斯 Cyprus 357
捷克 Czech 420
丹麦 Denmark 45
迪戈加西亚岛 Diego Garcia I. 246
吉布提 Djibouti 253
多米尼加共和国 Dominican Rep. 1809
厄瓜多尔 Ecuador 593
埃及 Egypt 20
萨尔瓦多 El Salvador 503
赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 240
厄立特里亚 Eritrea 291
爱沙尼亚 Estonia 372
埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 251
福克兰群岛 Falkland Is. 500
法罗群岛(丹) Faroe Is. 298
斐济 Fiji 679
芬兰 Finland 358
法国 France 33
法属圭亚那 French Guiana 594
法属波里尼西亚 French Polynesia 689
加蓬 Gabon 241
冈比亚 Gambia 220
格鲁吉亚 Georgia 995
德国 Germany 49
加纳 Ghana 233
直布罗陀(英) Gibraltar 350
希腊 Greece 30
格陵兰岛 Greenland 299
格林纳达 Grenada 1809
瓜德罗普岛(法) Guadeloupe I. 590
关岛(美) Guam 671
危地马拉 Guatemala 502
几内亚 Guinea 224
几内亚比绍 Guinea-bissau 245
圭亚那 Guyana 592
海地 Haiti 509
夏威夷 Hawaii 1808
洪都拉斯 Honduras 504
匈牙利 HunGary 36
冰岛 Iceland 354
印度 India 91
印度尼西亚 Indonesia 62
伊郎 Iran 98
伊拉克 Iraq 964
爱尔兰 Ireland 353
以色列 Israel 972
意大利 Italy 39
科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 225
牙买加 Jamaica 1876
日本 Japan 81
约旦 Jordan 962
柬埔塞 Kampuchea 855
哈萨克斯坦 Kazakhstan 7
肯尼亚 Kenya 254
基里巴斯 Kiribati 686
朝鲜 Korea(dpr of) 850
韩国 Korea(republic of) 82
科威特 Kuwait 965
吉尔吉斯斯坦 Kyrgyzstan 7
老挝 Laos 856
拉脱维亚 Latvia 371
黎巴嫩 Lebanon 961
莱索托 Lesotho 266
利比里亚 Liberia 231
利比亚 Libya 218
列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 41 75
立陶宛 Lithuania 370
卢森堡 Luxembourg 352
马其顿 Macedonia 389
马达加斯加 Madagascar 261
马拉维 Malawi 265
马来西亚 Malaysia 60
马尔代夫 Maldive 960
马里 Mali 223
马耳他 Malta 356
马里亚纳群岛 Mariana Is. 670
马绍尔群岛 Marshall Is. 692
马提尼克(法) Martinique 596
毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 222
毛里求斯 Mauritius 230
马约特岛 Mayotte I. 269
墨西哥 Mexico 52
密克罗尼西亚(美) Micronesia 691
中途岛(美) Midway I. 1808
摩尔多瓦 Moldova 373
摩纳哥 Monaco 377
蒙古 Mongolia 976
蒙特塞拉特岛(英) Montserrat I. 1664
摩洛哥 Morocco 212
莫桑比克 Mozambique 258
缅甸 Myanmar 95
纳米比亚 Namibia 264
瑙鲁 Nauru 674
尼泊尔 Nepal 977
荷兰 Netherlands 31
荷属安的列斯群岛 Netherlandsantilles Is. 599
新喀里多尼亚群岛(法) New Caledonia Is. 687
新西兰 New Zealand 64
尼加拉瓜 Nicaragua 505
尼日尔 Niger 227
尼日利亚 Nigeria 234
纽埃岛(新) Niue I. 683
诺福克岛(澳) Norfolk I, 6723
挪威 Norway 47
阿曼 Oman 968
帕劳(美) Palau 680
巴拿马 Panama 507
巴布亚新几内亚 Papua New Guinea 675
巴拉圭 Paraguay 595
秘鲁 Peru 51
菲律宾 Philippines 63
波兰 Poland 48
葡萄牙 Portugal 351
巴基斯坦 Pskistan 92
波多黎各(美) Puerto Rico 1787
卡塔尔 Qatar 974
留尼汪岛 Reunion I. 262
罗马尼亚 Rumania 40
俄罗斯 Russia 7
卢旺达 Rwanda 250
东萨摩亚(美) Samoa,Eastern 684
西萨摩亚 Samoa,Western 685
圣马力诺 San.Marino 378
圣皮埃尔岛及密克隆岛 San.Pierre And Miquelon I. 508
圣多美和普林西比 San.Tome And Principe 239
沙特阿拉伯 Saudi Arabia 966
塞内加尔 Senegal 221
塞舌尔 Seychelles 248
新加坡 Singapore 65
斯洛伐克 Slovak 421
斯洛文尼亚 Slovenia 386
所罗门群岛 Solomon Is. 677
索马里 Somali 252
南非 South Africa 27
西班牙 Spain 34
斯里兰卡 Sri Lanka 94
圣克里斯托弗和尼维斯 St.Christopher and Nevis 1809
圣赫勒拿 St.Helena 290
圣卢西亚 St.Lucia 1758
圣文森特岛(英) St.Vincent I. 1784
苏丹 Sudan 249
苏里南 Suriname 597
斯威士兰 Swaziland 268
瑞典 Sweden 46
瑞士 Switzerland 41
叙利亚 Syria 963
塔吉克斯坦 Tajikistan 7
坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 255
泰国 Thailand 66
阿拉伯联合酋长国 The United Arab Emirates 971
多哥 Togo 228
托克劳群岛(新) Tokelau Is. 690
汤加 Tonga 676
特立尼达和多巴哥 Trinidad and Tobago 1809
突尼斯 Tunisia 216
土耳其 Turkey 90
土库曼斯坦 Turkmenistan 993
特克斯和凯科斯群岛( Turks and Caicos Is. 1809
图瓦卢 Tuvalu 688
美国 U.S.A 1
乌干达 Uganda 256
乌克兰 Ukraine 380
英国 United Kingdom 44
乌拉圭 Uruguay 598
乌兹别克斯坦 Uzbekistan 7
瓦努阿图 Vanuatu 678
梵蒂冈 Vatican 379
委内瑞拉 Venezuela 58
越南 Vietnam 84
维尔京群岛(英) Virgin Is. 1809
维尔京群岛和圣罗克伊 Virgin Is. and St.Croix I. 1809
威克岛(美) Wake I. 1808
瓦里斯和富士那群岛( Wallis And Futuna Is. 681
西撒哈拉 Western sahara 967
也门 Yemen 967
南斯拉夫 Yugoslavia 381
扎伊尔 Zaire 243
赞比亚 Zambia 260
桑给巴尔 Zanzibar 259
津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 263
中华人民共和国 P.R.C. 86
以上数据仅供参考
数控机床具有加工复杂形面零件能力强、适应多种加工对象(柔性强)；加工质量、精度和加工效率高；适应CAD/CAM 联网、适合制造加工信息集成管理；设备的利用率高、正常运行费用低等特点。
CNC车床
系统：法纳克FANUC、三菱MITSUBISHI、西门子SIMOSION、HAAS
数控机床：德国的德马奇、美国的哈斯
台湾杨铁科技作为专业生产数控机床的企业， 2.台湾佳群数控车床
3.台湾泷泽数控车床
4.台湾利高CNC数控车床
5.台湾丽伟数控车床
6.台湾优冈数控车床
7.台湾胜杰数控车床
8.台湾伍将数控车床
CNC铣床
日本牧野牌MAKINO
塑料模具设计
表（二）
试 料
（燃烧试验）
脆化或不软化（热固性） 软化（热塑性）
自熄性 可燃性
燃烧后变白且具 燃烧后变黑 酚味 脆化 亮黄色火焰产生
有蛋白燃烧味 酚树脂 环氧树脂 苯乙烯味 多量的SiO2灰
聚酯树脂 硅树脂
（浸入沸水中10~20分钟）
试料表面 光泽不脱落
光泽脱落 三聚氰氨树脂
尿素树脂
自熄性 可燃性
（卤素反应） （放于水中）
（氟素反应） （氮反应） （浮于水）
聚氯二氟乙烯 聚氯乙烯 有蛋白的 氟反应阳性 酚味 石蜡味 石油味
聚氯亚乙烯 燃烧味 聚四氟乙烯 聚碳酸脂 聚乙烯 聚丙烯
聚 胺
沉入水中
燃烧产生黑烟 燃烧不产生黑烟
（浸入酒精中）
浓甲醛味 燃烧时熔融部分起
可容 难容 聚缩醛 泡且有芳香味
（置于浓硫酸中加温） （同左） 聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂
醋酸味 （丙烯醛反应） 醋酸味 苯乙烯味
聚醋酸乙烯 阳性 醋酸纤维素 苯乙类树脂
聚乙烯醇缩
甲醛 （氮反应）
AS树脂（硬脆） GP聚苯乙烯（硬脆）
ABS树脂（硬韧） HI聚苯乙烯（硬韧）
CNC车床
系统：法纳克FANUC、三菱MITSUBISHI、西门子SIMOSION、HAAS
数控机床：德国的德马奇、美国的哈斯
台湾杨铁科技作为专业生产数控机床的企业， 2.台湾佳群数控车床
3.台湾泷泽数控车床
4.台湾利高CNC数控车床
5.台湾丽伟数控车床
6.台湾优冈数控车床
7.台湾胜杰数控车床
8.台湾伍将数控车床
CNC铣床
日本牧野牌MAKINO
塑料模具设计
表（二）
试 料
（燃烧试验）
脆化或不软化（热固性） 软化（热塑性）
自熄性 可燃性
燃烧后变白且具 燃烧后变黑 酚味 脆化 亮黄色火焰产生
有蛋白燃烧味 酚树脂 环氧树脂 苯乙烯味 多量的SiO2灰
聚酯树脂 硅树脂
（浸入沸水中10~20分钟）
试料表面 光泽不脱落
光泽脱落 三聚氰氨树脂
尿素树脂
自熄性 可燃性
（卤素反应） （放于水中）
（氟素反应） （氮反应） （浮于水）
聚氯二氟乙烯 聚氯乙烯 有蛋白的 氟反应阳性 酚味 石蜡味 石油味
聚氯亚乙烯 燃烧味 聚四氟乙烯 聚碳酸脂 聚乙烯 聚丙烯
聚 胺
沉入水中
燃烧产生黑烟 燃烧不产生黑烟
（浸入酒精中）
浓甲醛味 燃烧时熔融部分起
可容 难容 聚缩醛 泡且有芳香味
（置于浓硫酸中加温） （同左） 聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂
醋酸味 （丙烯醛反应） 醋酸味 苯乙烯味
聚醋酸乙烯 阳性 醋酸纤维素 苯乙类树脂
聚乙烯醇缩
甲醛 （氮反应）
AS树脂（硬脆） GP聚苯乙烯（硬脆）
ABS树脂（硬韧） HI聚苯乙烯（硬韧）
molding introduction
Fields of work
The injection moulding department currently has a staff of more than 25 engineers and technicians who, with the support of some 100 students, are engaged in the further development of mechanical, mould and process engineering. The following topics constitute the main focus of the department's work:
Mechanical and process engineering
Improved process control and closed-loop control systems are being developed and brought into a form where they can be suitably employed by industry. These concepts permit an increased productivity and a higher quality, and also serve to enhance the capacity of existing plant.
Computer-aided process simulation and mould layout
High-performance, computer-aided simulation techniques, such as the CADMOULD Version 6 program package developed at the IKV, together with the practical investigations that are being carried out, provide assistance in establishing the optimum design of injection moulds.
Quality assurance / process control
On-line quality monitoring and control, plus quality documentation for all the moulded parts produced, constitute key areas of our development work which we are pursuing in cooperation with our partners in industry.
Special processes
Processes such as the fluid assisted injection moulding, in-mould decoration, powder injection moulding and co-injection moulding are being subjected to both analytical and practical investigation in a bid to provide the user with guidance in the assessment and application of these processes. New, special processes are also under development, and concepts for combining and integrating processes are being implemented.
Polyurethane processing: process optimisation of reaction injection moulding (RIM, R-RIM, S-RIM), development of special processes (multi-component RIM, bladder RIM), process characterisation using ultrasound, process development for phenolic foams
Plant organisation
Solution concepts are worked out with allowance for the interplay of the different technical, organisational, personnel and economic aspects involved. These take in the costing of injection moulds and also staff training, for example.
Machine development: micro injection moulding machine
Computer-aided process simulation
Rapid Prototyping
Cooperation with industry
The practical orientation of the IKV's research work is reflected in the large number of projects that are being implemented in cooperation with partners from industry. These include: the computational layout of components and moulds for the automotive and aeronautical industry
the optimisation of shrinkage and warpage in components for the electrical engineering sector
enhancing moulded part quality and ensuring a constant process through direct cavity pressure control
energy consumption and reproducibility analyses for all-electric and hydraulic injection moulding machines
quality assurance measures for the processing of regrind
the powder injection moulding process for metal, ceramic and PTFE processing
the production of medical articles in resorbable plastics
compilation of a skills development concept for production staff in injection moulding companies
Services and facilities
One of the IKV's prime tasks is the implementation of the latest scientific findings in industrial practice. Assistance is provided for partners in industry in forms ranging from consultations, research and development contracts, and joint projects that are conducted in cooperation with a number of partners from industry.
In addition to a large number of conventional injection moulding machines, the injection moulding department has co-injection and fluid injection units, an all-electric machine, a micro-precision injection moulding machine and the appropriate equipment for the injection moulding of thermo-plastics, elastomers and thermosets at its disposal.
The Institute has a large number of injection moulds in stock, ranging from simple geometries, for analytical investigations, through to complex-shaped industrial parts. The machines and moulds are equipped with the latest measuring technology. A stereolithography unit for rapid prototyping rounds of the facilities available. The CADMOULD Version 6 software and a number of different CAD/CAM systems are available for mould layout and process simulation.
For further information, please contact:
Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Grönlund
Head of department Injection Moulding
Tel. +49 241 80-93827
Fax +49 241 80-92262
email: groenlund@ikv.rwth-aachen.de
Machine and mould technology
The developments that have taken place in the field of machine and mould technology have considerably extended the potential of injection moulding technology over the past few years. The focal points of the IKV's research are set out below. These are being worked on in cooperation with machine builders and plastics processors.
Machine selection
The optimum alignment of an injection moulding machine to the product range is of decisive importance for injection moulders in the light of the keen competition that prevails. The criteria employed in the selection of an appropriate injection moulding machine have so far been the size of the production run, the moulded part geometry and the characteristic values of the machine, such as clamping force and shot volume. To enable the aspect of moulded part quality to be included in the selection process as well, the IKV is developing a classification system for moulded parts, based on quality characteristics. This will permit conclusions to be drawn as to the requirements on the injection moulding machine.
Drive concepts
Different drive concepts are available on the market for injection moulding machines, yet there is frequently a lack of information on the energy consumption, noise emission and reproducibility of these different drive concepts. These criteria are being studied at the IKV in an independent analysis of the operating behaviour of all-electric and hydraulic injection moulding machines based on different concepts.
Demands on the moulded part
Keltool cavity
Principal mould with backilled insert
Dynamic mould temperature control
When injection moulding thermoplastics, it may be necessary to ensure not only rapid cooling of the moulded part but also short-term or local heating. The methods available for dynamic heating are fluid circuits at different temperatures and supplementary electric heaters. With both these solutions, cycle time can be chiefly influenced in the heating phase. Electric heating is more effective, since it allows selective heating of individual areas of the mould. Inductive heating has a higher efficiency on account of its heat transfer mechanism. Their advantage is that the mould surface can be selectively heated for a short period of time. Temperature control concepts of this type are currently being investigated at the IKV.
Rapid prototyping / Rapid tooling
Simultaneous engineering requires prototypes so that design errors can be detected at the earliest possible stage of product design, thereby cutting back on the cost and time involved in modifications. The IKV has a stereolithography unit at its disposal for the production of prototypes. This means that models for design and assembly tests can be made available within a very short period of time (rapid prototyping). For functional prototypes, by contrast, use is made of prototype moulds which permit the application of series material in a series process for the production of a limited number of prototypes (rapid tooling). The IKV is currently studying and evaluating processes for the direct production of moulds and for mould production via a process chain.
The IKV staff will be pleased to provide advice or engage in cooperation in the form of joint projects.
Special injection moulding processes 1
Injection-compression moulding
The injection-compression moulding process combines elements of both the injection moulding process and the compression moulding process. It permits a clear reduction in filling pressures and leads to less anisotropy in the properties of the moulded parts. This should be an advantage for thin-walled mouldings, mouldings decorated with textiles or films and optical, transparent mouldings.
In the case of parts decorated with textiles or film, it is the residual foam thickness that remains after moulding that is the main focus of attention. The injection-compression process not only gives higher foam layer thicknesses in absolute terms but also ensures a more homogeneous distribution of the layer thickness along the flow path.
With thin-walled mouldings, dimensional stability is of key importance as a quality criterion. This is influenced to a decisive extent by the shrinkage of the moulded part. Investigations at the IKV have shown that thin-walled mouldings with wall thicknesses of between 0.5 and 0.7 mm, display less shrinkage when produced by injection-compression moulding.
Injection-compression moulding has already gained considerable importance for the group of optical mouldings. This process is used especially in the production of optical lenses. Over and above this, it can also be employed for large-area optical mouldings, since these benefit not only from the better shrinkage compensation but also from the reduced filling pressure. Study results show that optical properties such as distortion and birefringence can be improved with the aid of injection-compression moulding.
The IKV is developing new application potential for this process in research projects and in direct cooperation with industry and is also compiling the necessary process knowledge. This know-how is then implemented in products on the basis of feasibility studies.
Textile decorated moulding part produced with injection compressing moulding
Injection compression moulded thin-walled part
Comparison of GAIM/Extrusion for bent pipes
GAFIM test specimen for bursting pressure material PA, braiders made of PA-fibres
Gas injection technique
The gas injection technique (GIT) generates cavities through the selective injection of an inert gas in specific, still molten areas of an injectionmoulded part, thereby creating a uniform gas pressure inside the moulded part. The gas injection technique became established for the production of thick-walled and rod-shaped parts many years ago. It is used particularly with ribbed and highly integrated parts, in order to minimise warpage and sink marks.
A logical step towards saving costs is to use the gas channel as a functional cavity for media lines. GIT offers particular advantages in cases where conventional production processes, such as extrusion or thermoforming, would involve a number of production operations. Costs can be reduced by comparison with 3D blow moulding for the manufacture of branched or highly integrated media lines and through the use of multi cavity moulds. The integration of media lines in a complex component is also possible.
Media lines suitable for the gas injection technique are being defined through market analyses and through cooperation with industry, and new variants of the gas injection technique are being developed at the IKV. One example of a product-oriented development of this type is the GAFIM process (Gas-Assisted Fibre Braid Injection Moulding), which can be used to meet stringent requirements, such as a high bursting pressure at high temperatures and good low-temperature impact strength.
Additional IKV processes, such as GASIM (Gas-Assisted Sequential Injection Moulding) for rigid/flexible combinations, GACIM (Gas-Assisted/Gas Counter Injection Moulding) for high volume lines and the CorePush process for branched lines will extend the range of applications still further.
Special injection moulding processes 2
Thermoset injection moulding
Information on material behaviour can be obtained by measuring the pressure loss with the aid of a newly developed standard measuring nozzle which incorporates a slot-shaped measuring section. The nozzle can be mounted directly on the injection moulding machine. In addition to this, information can also be obtained on flow behaviour, which is of key importance for processing in general, as well as on the behaviour of the material over time, which is significant for cold runner technology. Now that this standard measuring nozzle has proved successful in practice, it is to be implemented on a versatile measuring mould that can also be used to conduct investigations into curing behaviour.
The injection-compression moulding process holds much greater significance for thermoset processing than for thermoplastic processing. The chief influences on mechanical and optical properties in these processes have not, however, been quantified in their entirety. This is why injection-compression moulding is one of the focal points of IKV research, with particular emphasis on the processing of glass fibre reinforced phenolic resin moulding compounds.
Since it is not possible to recycle thermosets via the molten state on account of the irreversible chemical crosslinking process that takes place, the IKV has looked into particle recycling as a means of reuse. Comprehensive investigations have been conducted into the influence of particle size distribution in the regrind on the resultant properties of the moulded part. The results have shown that coarse recyclates and, in particular, the addition of up to 30% coarse recyclate does not pose any problems.
Different sensor types are to be studied in respect of their suitability for quality assurance and quality control in the thermoset injection moulding process. It would be conceivable to use pressure sensors or optical sensors to establish the optimum switchover points, dielectric sensors for monitoring curing processes, and also all-in systems available on the market.
Injection compression moulding
Influences on moulding properties with particle recycling
Mould for micro injection moulding
Injection moulded honeycomb structure: web thickness 2,5 µm, height 20 µm
Micro-injection moulding
Micro-injection moulding can be employed to produce micro-structured moulded parts in high volumes on a cost-effective basis. Studies are being conducted into questions concerning appropriate materials, the necessary plant and mould technology and guidelines for the generation of microcavities and for process control. Honeycomb structures with a crosspiece width of 2.5 µm and a structural height of 20 µm have already been produced here using a specially developed standard mould unit and the requisite peripherals.
A machine for injection moulding micro-components needs to fulfil different criteria from a conventional injection moulding machine. High clamping forces are not required; instead of this, special attention must be paid to the precise metering and injection of very small quantities of melt. The peripherals that generally go with the mould can be integrated directly in the standard mould unit in some cases. The IKV is working on a practicable concept for an injection moulding machine of this type.
To enable microsystems to be produced in a hybrid design, it is also necessary to have the appropriate handling systems and a suitable form of process control. The IKV is looking into micro-assembly injection moulding and injection riveting. The process engineering, process analysis and process optimisation are also being developed by the IKV.
Quality assurance
The steadily increasing competition from low-wage countries is forcing European producers of injection moulded parts to reduce their production costs by a considerable margin again and, at the same time, to increase their production efficiency. The process control methods that have been developed at the IKV to this end, on the basis of state-of-the-art automatic control strategies, make it possible to achieve the requisite uniformity in the production process and moulded part quality.
On-line quality monitoring
Quality documentation is gaining increasing importance. By calculating all the relevant quality characteristics of a moulded part from measured characteristic process parameters, it is possible to document the entire production process without need for the elabo-rate measurement of quality characteristics. Apart from documentation, online quality control is also employed for the elimination of rejects.
The implementation of quality documentation is greatly facilitated by the use of neural networks. Investigations at the IKV have shown that attributive characteristics, such as scorch and sink marks, can also be calculated with a high precision using this algorithm, which has been taken from the field of neuroinformatics research.
Quality control
Online quality control forms the basis of the automatic quality control system developed at the IKV. The machine setting parameters are corrected automatically with the aim of achieving optimum quality. There is then no need for the machine operator to intervene with this control system. The moulded part properties that are calculated by the online system are fed back to the master computer on the injection moulding machine via a state controller. Optimum machine setting parameters are then available from one cycle to the next.
Experimental moulding glasses, IKV Aachen
Series production moulding, company Mann + Hummel, Ludwigsburg
Quality control with neuronal networks
Adaptation of the cavity pressure controller over 6 cycles in the injection phase
Cavity pressure control
Apart from quality control covering all the machine cycles, a cavity pressure control system within each individual cycle constitutes an appropriate means of ensuring uniform moulded part quality. By contrast to the process engineering employed to date, where a velocity profile is specified for the injection phase and a pressure profile for the holding pressure phase, the cavity pressure control system requires a pressure profile to be specified for the cycle as a whole. A characteristic feature of this profile is a constant gradient in the injection phase which will generate a constant flow front velocity and hence constant morphological properties over the flow length.
A model-based predicative control concept has been developed at the IKV. This generates adjustment signals for the hydraulic valves or adjusting motors of the screw drive in real time and thus aligns the cavity pressure to the specified pressure curve online. The system includes an adaptive component to make allowance for process changes, such as material fluctuations. This adapts the controller to changed process conditions from one cycle to the next.
Plastics for innovative applications
Powder injection moulding
Powder injection moulding (PIM) is well established for the production of ceramic or metal parts in order to obtain the highest degree of design freedom and product automation. As it is a near net-shape technique, secondary finishing is reduced to a minimum and high output rates are typical. For metal injection moulding a small sized metallic powder is mixed with a wax-polymer binder that allows shaping in a thermoplastic injection moulding machine. After shaping, the wax-polymer binder is removed, usually by heat, and then the structure is sintered in a manner similar to traditional powder metallurgy or ceramics firing.
Apart from compounding, process management of injection moulding is particularly important for achieving the highest possible product quality, since it is at this stage of the process that key component properties are determined. For this reason, the analysis of the injection moulding process constitutes one of the focal points of the IKV's research work. In the course of fundamental process analysis investigations employing statistical methods, the correlations between process control and part quality as well as part defects are being established and described in both quantitative and qualitative terms.
Combining ceramic injection moulding with special plastics processing methods constitutes a further point of focus. By using gas-assisted injection moulding the amount of expensive raw material required can significantly cut while the stiffness of the part remains on high level. Consequently, considerable savings for debinding and sintering time can be realised due to the lower material input, thereby giving a more economic production process. Moreover, gas-assisted powder injection moulding enables new applications as well as an improved degree of integration. For example, ceramic pipes of complex geometry capable of carrying aggressive fluids or fluids at high temperature and pressure can be produced by use of this technique.
Powder injection moulding
Gas-assisted powder injection molding
Processing of thermoplasts by use of the gas loading technique
Foam from polyeactide produced within the gas loading process
Biodegradable plastics
Biodegradable plastics make a key contribution towards waste avoidance and material recycling. The material costs are still high, however, and special processing techniques are required. One way to reduce costs is to produce biodegradable foams. Research at the IKV is focusing on the influence of processing on moulded part properties for injection moulding and extrusion.
The resorbable plastics constitute a special group amongst the biodegradable plastics. These materials degrade into non-toxic substances in the body and are then eliminated. A large number of medical applications require implants that will remain in the body for a limited period of time. By using resorbable materials, it is possible to avoid having to perform a second operation to remove these temporary implants.
To satisfy the complex medical requirements, the so-called CESP-process (Controlled Expansion of Saturated Polymers) was developed at the IKV. This process permits amorphous thermoplastics to be moulded at temperatures below 40° C. In this way, temperature sensitive additives, such as proteins or antibiotics, can be incorporated.
The examples set out illustrate the benefits of conducting research into special materials for other fields in plastics processing as well. The IKV staff will be pleased to provide advice or engage in cooperation in the form of joint projects using the results of research already conducted.
PU Technology
Plant and process behaviour
It is only possible to implement in-process production monitoring in the manufacture of high-grade technical polyurethane (PU) components by the RIM process if all the influences acting on the process are known. Against this background, a modular simulation program has been developed at the IKV, which can be used to describe the metering behaviour of any desired RIM plant in mathematical terms. Investigations and trials were conducted with different statistic modelling methods, based on measured process parameter curves, in a bid to achieve a complete description of the complex process sequence and to predict the moulded part properties. It is then possible to estimate the influence of plant design on the process right at the planning stage of a RIM plant.
Foam characterisation
In moulded PU foam production, process parameters such as the degree of mould filling and the mould temperature, have a direct influence on component properties, such as the density structure. Different methods for analysing the process behaviour of PU foam have thus been developed at the IKV.
Mould filling behaviour can be investigated on different test settings using different in-view moulds. Ultrasonic measuring is used to analyse the foaming and crosslinking of PU systems during processing. Mechanical, thermal and rheological measuring equipment is available for assessing component properties and processing behaviour. The foam structure can be evaluated in quantitative terms with the aid of an optical analysis system developed at the IKV.
Influence of tube length on the isocyanat index k
Optical analysis of the foam structure
Numerical warpage compensation
An experimental analysis of the processing and component properties has formed the basis of a mathematical model of PU processing. By integrating the models in FEM and FDM processes, it is possible to simulate the filling behaviour of RIM mouldings and calculate the temperature and density development in moulded foams. In addition to this, the fibre orientation and mechanical component properties can be calculated for short fibre reinforced mouldings (RRIM).
PU sandwich mouldings: warpage behaviour
The shrinkage and warpage behaviour of PU mouldings is essentially influenced by the chemical and physical processes that take place during moulding. Sandwich mouldings in rigid PU foam with a reinforced outer layer are particularly prone to warpage on account of their anisotropic material properties.
Against this background, a mathematical model for describing warpage behaviour was developed at the IKV and implemented in an FEM environment. In this way, it is possible to optimise the component at the concept and design phase already, and also to cut back on cost and time-consuming prototype investigations.
PU development plant
The PU development plant at the IKV has three high-pressure metering units which can be used to process both compact PU systems and PU foam systems, as well as short-fibre reinforced systems by the RRIM method. Mouldings with continuous glass fibre reinforcement can also be produced by the SRIM process. Three mould holders and different test moulds are also available in the development plant.
IKV staff will gladly answer your questions regarding the possibility of cooperation in joint research projects and advise you on PU technology.
The injection moulding department currently has a staff of more than 25 engineers and technicians who, with the support of some 100 students, are engaged in the further development of mechanical, mould and process engineering. The following topics constitute the main focus of the department's work:
Mechanical and process engineering
Improved process control and closed-loop control systems are being developed and brought into a form where they can be suitably employed by industry. These concepts permit an increased productivity and a higher quality, and also serve to enhance the capacity of existing plant.
Computer-aided process simulation and mould layout
High-performance, computer-aided simulation techniques, such as the CADMOULD Version 6 program package developed at the IKV, together with the practical investigations that are being carried out, provide assistance in establishing the optimum design of injection moulds.
Quality assurance / process control
On-line quality monitoring and control, plus quality documentation for all the moulded parts produced, constitute key areas of our development work which we are pursuing in cooperation with our partners in industry.
Special processes
Processes such as the fluid assisted injection moulding, in-mould decoration, powder injection moulding and co-injection moulding are being subjected to both analytical and practical investigation in a bid to provide the user with guidance in the assessment and application of these processes. New, special processes are also under development, and concepts for combining and integrating processes are being implemented.
Polyurethane processing: process optimisation of reaction injection moulding (RIM, R-RIM, S-RIM), development of special processes (multi-component RIM, bladder RIM), process characterisation using ultrasound, process development for phenolic foams
Plant organisation
Solution concepts are worked out with allowance for the interplay of the different technical, organisational, personnel and economic aspects involved. These take in the costing of injection moulds and also staff training, for example.
Machine development: micro injection moulding machine
Computer-aided process simulation
Rapid Prototyping
Cooperation with industry
The practical orientation of the IKV's research work is reflected in the large number of projects that are being implemented in cooperation with partners from industry. These include: the computational layout of components and moulds for the automotive and aeronautical industry
the optimisation of shrinkage and warpage in components for the electrical engineering sector
enhancing moulded part quality and ensuring a constant process through direct cavity pressure control
energy consumption and reproducibility analyses for all-electric and hydraulic injection moulding machines
quality assurance measures for the processing of regrind
the powder injection moulding process for metal, ceramic and PTFE processing
the production of medical articles in resorbable plastics
compilation of a skills development concept for production staff in injection moulding companies
Services and facilities
One of the IKV's prime tasks is the implementation of the latest scientific findings in industrial practice. Assistance is provided for partners in industry in forms ranging from consultations, research and development contracts, and joint projects that are conducted in cooperation with a number of partners from industry.
In addition to a large number of conventional injection moulding machines, the injection moulding department has co-injection and fluid injection units, an all-electric machine, a micro-precision injection moulding machine and the appropriate equipment for the injection moulding of thermo-plastics, elastomers and thermosets at its disposal.
The Institute has a large number of injection moulds in stock, ranging from simple geometries, for analytical investigations, through to complex-shaped industrial parts. The machines and moulds are equipped with the latest measuring technology. A stereolithography unit for rapid prototyping rounds of the facilities available. The CADMOULD Version 6 software and a number of different CAD/CAM systems are available for mould layout and process simulation.
For further information, please contact:
Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Grönlund
Head of department Injection Moulding
Tel. +49 241 80-93827
Fax +49 241 80-92262
email: groenlund@ikv.rwth-aachen.de
Machine and mould technology
The developments that have taken place in the field of machine and mould technology have considerably extended the potential of injection moulding technology over the past few years. The focal points of the IKV's research are set out below. These are being worked on in cooperation with machine builders and plastics processors.
Machine selection
The optimum alignment of an injection moulding machine to the product range is of decisive importance for injection moulders in the light of the keen competition that prevails. The criteria employed in the selection of an appropriate injection moulding machine have so far been the size of the production run, the moulded part geometry and the characteristic values of the machine, such as clamping force and shot volume. To enable the aspect of moulded part quality to be included in the selection process as well, the IKV is developing a classification system for moulded parts, based on quality characteristics. This will permit conclusions to be drawn as to the requirements on the injection moulding machine.
Drive concepts
Different drive concepts are available on the market for injection moulding machines, yet there is frequently a lack of information on the energy consumption, noise emission and reproducibility of these different drive concepts. These criteria are being studied at the IKV in an independent analysis of the operating behaviour of all-electric and hydraulic injection moulding machines based on different concepts.
Demands on the moulded part
Keltool cavity
Principal mould with backilled insert
Dynamic mould temperature control
When injection moulding thermoplastics, it may be necessary to ensure not only rapid cooling of the moulded part but also short-term or local heating. The methods available for dynamic heating are fluid circuits at different temperatures and supplementary electric heaters. With both these solutions, cycle time can be chiefly influenced in the heating phase. Electric heating is more effective, since it allows selective heating of individual areas of the mould. Inductive heating has a higher efficiency on account of its heat transfer mechanism. Their advantage is that the mould surface can be selectively heated for a short period of time. Temperature control concepts of this type are currently being investigated at the IKV.
Rapid prototyping / Rapid tooling
Simultaneous engineering requires prototypes so that design errors can be detected at the earliest possible stage of product design, thereby cutting back on the cost and time involved in modifications. The IKV has a stereolithography unit at its disposal for the production of prototypes. This means that models for design and assembly tests can be made available within a very short period of time (rapid prototyping). For functional prototypes, by contrast, use is made of prototype moulds which permit the application of series material in a series process for the production of a limited number of prototypes (rapid tooling). The IKV is currently studying and evaluating processes for the direct production of moulds and for mould production via a process chain.
The IKV staff will be pleased to provide advice or engage in cooperation in the form of joint projects.
Special injection moulding processes 1
Injection-compression moulding
The injection-compression moulding process combines elements of both the injection moulding process and the compression moulding process. It permits a clear reduction in filling pressures and leads to less anisotropy in the properties of the moulded parts. This should be an advantage for thin-walled mouldings, mouldings decorated with textiles or films and optical, transparent mouldings.
In the case of parts decorated with textiles or film, it is the residual foam thickness that remains after moulding that is the main focus of attention. The injection-compression process not only gives higher foam layer thicknesses in absolute terms but also ensures a more homogeneous distribution of the layer thickness along the flow path.
With thin-walled mouldings, dimensional stability is of key importance as a quality criterion. This is influenced to a decisive extent by the shrinkage of the moulded part. Investigations at the IKV have shown that thin-walled mouldings with wall thicknesses of between 0.5 and 0.7 mm, display less shrinkage when produced by injection-compression moulding.
Injection-compression moulding has already gained considerable importance for the group of optical mouldings. This process is used especially in the production of optical lenses. Over and above this, it can also be employed for large-area optical mouldings, since these benefit not only from the better shrinkage compensation but also from the reduced filling pressure. Study results show that optical properties such as distortion and birefringence can be improved with the aid of injection-compression moulding.
The IKV is developing new application potential for this process in research projects and in direct cooperation with industry and is also compiling the necessary process knowledge. This know-how is then implemented in products on the basis of feasibility studies.
Textile decorated moulding part produced with injection compressing moulding
Injection compression moulded thin-walled part
Comparison of GAIM/Extrusion for bent pipes
GAFIM test specimen for bursting pressure material PA, braiders made of PA-fibres
Gas injection technique
The gas injection technique (GIT) generates cavities through the selective injection of an inert gas in specific, still molten areas of an injectionmoulded part, thereby creating a uniform gas pressure inside the moulded part. The gas injection technique became established for the production of thick-walled and rod-shaped parts many years ago. It is used particularly with ribbed and highly integrated parts, in order to minimise warpage and sink marks.
A logical step towards saving costs is to use the gas channel as a functional cavity for media lines. GIT offers particular advantages in cases where conventional production processes, such as extrusion or thermoforming, would involve a number of production operations. Costs can be reduced by comparison with 3D blow moulding for the manufacture of branched or highly integrated media lines and through the use of multi cavity moulds. The integration of media lines in a complex component is also possible.
Media lines suitable for the gas injection technique are being defined through market analyses and through cooperation with industry, and new variants of the gas injection technique are being developed at the IKV. One example of a product-oriented development of this type is the GAFIM process (Gas-Assisted Fibre Braid Injection Moulding), which can be used to meet stringent requirements, such as a high bursting pressure at high temperatures and good low-temperature impact strength.
Additional IKV processes, such as GASIM (Gas-Assisted Sequential Injection Moulding) for rigid/flexible combinations, GACIM (Gas-Assisted/Gas Counter Injection Moulding) for high volume lines and the CorePush process for branched lines will extend the range of applications still further.
Special injection moulding processes 2
Thermoset injection moulding
Information on material behaviour can be obtained by measuring the pressure loss with the aid of a newly developed standard measuring nozzle which incorporates a slot-shaped measuring section. The nozzle can be mounted directly on the injection moulding machine. In addition to this, information can also be obtained on flow behaviour, which is of key importance for processing in general, as well as on the behaviour of the material over time, which is significant for cold runner technology. Now that this standard measuring nozzle has proved successful in practice, it is to be implemented on a versatile measuring mould that can also be used to conduct investigations into curing behaviour.
The injection-compression moulding process holds much greater significance for thermoset processing than for thermoplastic processing. The chief influences on mechanical and optical properties in these processes have not, however, been quantified in their entirety. This is why injection-compression moulding is one of the focal points of IKV research, with particular emphasis on the processing of glass fibre reinforced phenolic resin moulding compounds.
Since it is not possible to recycle thermosets via the molten state on account of the irreversible chemical crosslinking process that takes place, the IKV has looked into particle recycling as a means of reuse. Comprehensive investigations have been conducted into the influence of particle size distribution in the regrind on the resultant properties of the moulded part. The results have shown that coarse recyclates and, in particular, the addition of up to 30% coarse recyclate does not pose any problems.
Different sensor types are to be studied in respect of their suitability for quality assurance and quality control in the thermoset injection moulding process. It would be conceivable to use pressure sensors or optical sensors to establish the optimum switchover points, dielectric sensors for monitoring curing processes, and also all-in systems available on the market.
Injection compression moulding
Influences on moulding properties with particle recycling
Mould for micro injection moulding
Injection moulded honeycomb structure: web thickness 2,5 µm, height 20 µm
Micro-injection moulding
Micro-injection moulding can be employed to produce micro-structured moulded parts in high volumes on a cost-effective basis. Studies are being conducted into questions concerning appropriate materials, the necessary plant and mould technology and guidelines for the generation of microcavities and for process control. Honeycomb structures with a crosspiece width of 2.5 µm and a structural height of 20 µm have already been produced here using a specially developed standard mould unit and the requisite peripherals.
A machine for injection moulding micro-components needs to fulfil different criteria from a conventional injection moulding machine. High clamping forces are not required; instead of this, special attention must be paid to the precise metering and injection of very small quantities of melt. The peripherals that generally go with the mould can be integrated directly in the standard mould unit in some cases. The IKV is working on a practicable concept for an injection moulding machine of this type.
To enable microsystems to be produced in a hybrid design, it is also necessary to have the appropriate handling systems and a suitable form of process control. The IKV is looking into micro-assembly injection moulding and injection riveting. The process engineering, process analysis and process optimisation are also being developed by the IKV.
Quality assurance
The steadily increasing competition from low-wage countries is forcing European producers of injection moulded parts to reduce their production costs by a considerable margin again and, at the same time, to increase their production efficiency. The process control methods that have been developed at the IKV to this end, on the basis of state-of-the-art automatic control strategies, make it possible to achieve the requisite uniformity in the production process and moulded part quality.
On-line quality monitoring
Quality documentation is gaining increasing importance. By calculating all the relevant quality characteristics of a moulded part from measured characteristic process parameters, it is possible to document the entire production process without need for the elabo-rate measurement of quality characteristics. Apart from documentation, online quality control is also employed for the elimination of rejects.
The implementation of quality documentation is greatly facilitated by the use of neural networks. Investigations at the IKV have shown that attributive characteristics, such as scorch and sink marks, can also be calculated with a high precision using this algorithm, which has been taken from the field of neuroinformatics research.
Quality control
Online quality control forms the basis of the automatic quality control system developed at the IKV. The machine setting parameters are corrected automatically with the aim of achieving optimum quality. There is then no need for the machine operator to intervene with this control system. The moulded part properties that are calculated by the online system are fed back to the master computer on the injection moulding machine via a state controller. Optimum machine setting parameters are then available from one cycle to the next.
Experimental moulding glasses, IKV Aachen
Series production moulding, company Mann + Hummel, Ludwigsburg
Quality control with neuronal networks
Adaptation of the cavity pressure controller over 6 cycles in the injection phase
Cavity pressure control
Apart from quality control covering all the machine cycles, a cavity pressure control system within each individual cycle constitutes an appropriate means of ensuring uniform moulded part quality. By contrast to the process engineering employed to date, where a velocity profile is specified for the injection phase and a pressure profile for the holding pressure phase, the cavity pressure control system requires a pressure profile to be specified for the cycle as a whole. A characteristic feature of this profile is a constant gradient in the injection phase which will generate a constant flow front velocity and hence constant morphological properties over the flow length.
A model-based predicative control concept has been developed at the IKV. This generates adjustment signals for the hydraulic valves or adjusting motors of the screw drive in real time and thus aligns the cavity pressure to the specified pressure curve online. The system includes an adaptive component to make allowance for process changes, such as material fluctuations. This adapts the controller to changed process conditions from one cycle to the next.
Plastics for innovative applications
Powder injection moulding
Powder injection moulding (PIM) is well established for the production of ceramic or metal parts in order to obtain the highest degree of design freedom and product automation. As it is a near net-shape technique, secondary finishing is reduced to a minimum and high output rates are typical. For metal injection moulding a small sized metallic powder is mixed with a wax-polymer binder that allows shaping in a thermoplastic injection moulding machine. After shaping, the wax-polymer binder is removed, usually by heat, and then the structure is sintered in a manner similar to traditional powder metallurgy or ceramics firing.
Apart from compounding, process management of injection moulding is particularly important for achieving the highest possible product quality, since it is at this stage of the process that key component properties are determined. For this reason, the analysis of the injection moulding process constitutes one of the focal points of the IKV's research work. In the course of fundamental process analysis investigations employing statistical methods, the correlations between process control and part quality as well as part defects are being established and described in both quantitative and qualitative terms.
Combining ceramic injection moulding with special plastics processing methods constitutes a further point of focus. By using gas-assisted injection moulding the amount of expensive raw material required can significantly cut while the stiffness of the part remains on high level. Consequently, considerable savings for debinding and sintering time can be realised due to the lower material input, thereby giving a more economic production process. Moreover, gas-assisted powder injection moulding enables new applications as well as an improved degree of integration. For example, ceramic pipes of complex geometry capable of carrying aggressive fluids or fluids at high temperature and pressure can be produced by use of this technique.
Powder injection moulding
Gas-assisted powder injection molding
Processing of thermoplasts by use of the gas loading technique
Foam from polyeactide produced within the gas loading process
Biodegradable plastics
Biodegradable plastics make a key contribution towards waste avoidance and material recycling. The material costs are still high, however, and special processing techniques are required. One way to reduce costs is to produce biodegradable foams. Research at the IKV is focusing on the influence of processing on moulded part properties for injection moulding and extrusion.
The resorbable plastics constitute a special group amongst the biodegradable plastics. These materials degrade into non-toxic substances in the body and are then eliminated. A large number of medical applications require implants that will remain in the body for a limited period of time. By using resorbable materials, it is possible to avoid having to perform a second operation to remove these temporary implants.
To satisfy the complex medical requirements, the so-called CESP-process (Controlled Expansion of Saturated Polymers) was developed at the IKV. This process permits amorphous thermoplastics to be moulded at temperatures below 40° C. In this way, temperature sensitive additives, such as proteins or antibiotics, can be incorporated.
The examples set out illustrate the benefits of conducting research into special materials for other fields in plastics processing as well. The IKV staff will be pleased to provide advice or engage in cooperation in the form of joint projects using the results of research already conducted.
PU Technology
Plant and process behaviour
It is only possible to implement in-process production monitoring in the manufacture of high-grade technical polyurethane (PU) components by the RIM process if all the influences acting on the process are known. Against this background, a modular simulation program has been developed at the IKV, which can be used to describe the metering behaviour of any desired RIM plant in mathematical terms. Investigations and trials were conducted with different statistic modelling methods, based on measured process parameter curves, in a bid to achieve a complete description of the complex process sequence and to predict the moulded part properties. It is then possible to estimate the influence of plant design on the process right at the planning stage of a RIM plant.
Foam characterisation
In moulded PU foam production, process parameters such as the degree of mould filling and the mould temperature, have a direct influence on component properties, such as the density structure. Different methods for analysing the process behaviour of PU foam have thus been developed at the IKV.
Mould filling behaviour can be investigated on different test settings using different in-view moulds. Ultrasonic measuring is used to analyse the foaming and crosslinking of PU systems during processing. Mechanical, thermal and rheological measuring equipment is available for assessing component properties and processing behaviour. The foam structure can be evaluated in quantitative terms with the aid of an optical analysis system developed at the IKV.
Influence of tube length on the isocyanat index k
Optical analysis of the foam structure
Numerical warpage compensation
An experimental analysis of the processing and component properties has formed the basis of a mathematical model of PU processing. By integrating the models in FEM and FDM processes, it is possible to simulate the filling behaviour of RIM mouldings and calculate the temperature and density development in moulded foams. In addition to this, the fibre orientation and mechanical component properties can be calculated for short fibre reinforced mouldings (RRIM).
PU sandwich mouldings: warpage behaviour
The shrinkage and warpage behaviour of PU mouldings is essentially influenced by the chemical and physical processes that take place during moulding. Sandwich mouldings in rigid PU foam with a reinforced outer layer are particularly prone to warpage on account of their anisotropic material properties.
Against this background, a mathematical model for describing warpage behaviour was developed at the IKV and implemented in an FEM environment. In this way, it is possible to optimise the component at the concept and design phase already, and also to cut back on cost and time-consuming prototype investigations.
PU development plant
The PU development plant at the IKV has three high-pressure metering units which can be used to process both compact PU systems and PU foam systems, as well as short-fibre reinforced systems by the RRIM method. Mouldings with continuous glass fibre reinforcement can also be produced by the SRIM process. Three mould holders and different test moulds are also available in the development plant.
IKV staff will gladly answer your questions regarding the possibility of cooperation in joint research projects and advise you on PU technology.
Thursday, April 2, 2009
疯狂英语100句
1． How are you doing? （你好吗？）
2． I'm doing great. （我过得很好。）
3． What's up? （出什么事了/你在忙些什么/怎么了？）
4． Nothing special. （没什么特别的。）
5． Hi. Long time no see. （嗨，好久不见了。）
6． So far so good. （到目前为止，一切都好。）
7． Things couldn't be better. （一切顺利。）
8． How about yourself? （你自己呢？）
9． Today is a great day. （今天是个好日子。）
10． Are you making progress? （有进展吗？）
11． May I have your name, please? （请问尊姓大名？）
12． I've heard so much about you. （久仰大名。）
13． I hope you're enjoying your staying here. （希望你在这里过得愉快。）
14． Let's get together again. （改天再聚聚。）
15． That's a great idea! （好主意！）
16． Please say hello to your mother for me. （请代我向你母亲问好。）
17． I'm glad to have met you. （很高兴遇到你。）
18． Don't forget us. （别忘了我们。）
19． Keep in touch. （保持联系。）
20． I had a wonderful time here. （我在这里度过了难忘的时光。）
21． Have a nice weekend. （周末愉快。）
22． Same to you. （彼此彼此。）
23． Nice talking to you. （很高兴与你聊天。）
24． Take care of yourself. （自己当心/照顾好你自己。）
25． Thank you for everything.（谢谢你的多方关照/你为我所做的一切。）
26． Thank you all for coming.（谢谢光临。）
27． I appreciate your help.（我感谢你的帮助。）
28． You're always welcome.（别客气/不用谢）
29． Forget it.（算了吧）
30． It was my pleasure.（不用谢。）
31． I made a mistake.（我弄错了。）
32． I'm terribly sorry.（实在抱歉。）
33． I must apologize!（我必须道歉！）
34． I feel terrible.（我感觉糟透了。）
35． It's not your fault. （那不是你的错。）
36． Sorry to bother /have bothered you.（抱歉，打扰一下/打扰你了。）
37． What do you do?（你做什么工作？）
38． How do you like your new job?（你觉得你的新工作怎样？）
39． I like it a lot.（我很喜欢。）
40． I like reading and listening to music.（我喜欢阅读和欣赏音乐。）
41． What's wrong?（怎么回事？）
42． What happened?（发生什么事了？）
43． I hope nothing is wrong.（我希望一切顺利。）
44． I know how you feel.（我知道你的感受。）
45． Sorry to hear that.（听到这个消息我很难受。）
46． Come on, you can do that.（来吧，你能做到的。）
47． Use your head.（动动脑筋。）
48． You did a great job.（你赶得很好。）
49． That's very nice of you.（你真好。）
50． I'm very proud of you.（我为你感到自豪。）
奠定一个疯狂的基石。请务必先做到一件事，那就是：拼命地、昏天黑日地、流着汗水和泪水地把1000个地道的句子脱口而出！这是你“疯狂大厦”的基石！有了这样一个坚实的基石，你成功的可能性就会大很多。
51． I like your style.（我喜欢你的风格。）
52． I love you guys.（我爱你们。）
53． How do I look?（我看起来怎么样？）
54． You look great!（你看上去棒极了！）
55． That's fantastic!（那真是棒极了！）
56． That's really something.（那真是了不起！）
57． It's a pleasure working with you.（与您合作很愉快。）
58． Congratulations on you success.（祝贺你的成功。）
59． I'd like to propose a toast.（我提议干杯！）
60． Are you married or single?（你结婚了吗？）
61． I've been dying to see you.（我非常想见到你。）
62． I'm crazy about you.（我为你疯狂/痴迷/神魂颠倒。）
63． I love you with all my heart.（我全心全意爱你！）
64． You're everything to me.（你是我的一切！）
65． You're in love!（你恋爱了！）
66． I'm tired of working all day.（整日工作使我厌烦。）
67． You work too much.（你做得太多了。）
68． Money will come and go.（钱乃身外之物。）
69． Are you crazy?（你疯了吗？）
70． Have you got it?（明白了吗？）
71． I've got it.（我懂了。）
72． I can't afford that.（我承担/买不起。）
73． I did it, I'm so happy now.（我做到了，现在我很满意。）
74． I don't care.（不关我的事/我不管。）
75． I don't think so.（我不这么想/我看不会/不行/不用。）
76． I guess so.（我想是吧。）
77． I have no other choice.（我别无选择。）
78． I will do my best!（我会尽力的！）
79． I mean it.（我是认真的。）
80． I'm so scared.（我怕极了。）
81． It's hard to say.（难说。）
82． It's a long story.（说来话长/一言难尽。）
83． It's a small world.（世界真小。）
84． It's against the law!（那是违法的！）
85． It's a good opportunity!（好机会！）
86． It's dangerous!（危险！）
87． May I help you?（我能帮忙吗？）
88． No doubt about it.（毫无疑问。）
89． That's bullshit!（废话！）
90． Think it over.（仔细考虑一下。）
91． Time will tell.（时间会证明的。）
92． What a surprise!（太令人惊讶了！）
93． Whatever you say!（随便你！）
94． You are the boss!（听你的！你说了算！）
95． You have my word!（我保证！）
96． Tough job, tough day, tough world. Life is not always sweet. That's life! （艰苦的工作，艰难的日子，不幸的世界。生活并不总是甜蜜的。这就是生活！）
97． I need some sleep.（我需要睡眠。）
98． Take it easy.（别紧张。）
99． Just relax.（放松一下。）
100． Zip your fly!（闭嘴！）
2． I'm doing great. （我过得很好。）
3． What's up? （出什么事了/你在忙些什么/怎么了？）
4． Nothing special. （没什么特别的。）
5． Hi. Long time no see. （嗨，好久不见了。）
6． So far so good. （到目前为止，一切都好。）
7． Things couldn't be better. （一切顺利。）
8． How about yourself? （你自己呢？）
9． Today is a great day. （今天是个好日子。）
10． Are you making progress? （有进展吗？）
11． May I have your name, please? （请问尊姓大名？）
12． I've heard so much about you. （久仰大名。）
13． I hope you're enjoying your staying here. （希望你在这里过得愉快。）
14． Let's get together again. （改天再聚聚。）
15． That's a great idea! （好主意！）
16． Please say hello to your mother for me. （请代我向你母亲问好。）
17． I'm glad to have met you. （很高兴遇到你。）
18． Don't forget us. （别忘了我们。）
19． Keep in touch. （保持联系。）
20． I had a wonderful time here. （我在这里度过了难忘的时光。）
21． Have a nice weekend. （周末愉快。）
22． Same to you. （彼此彼此。）
23． Nice talking to you. （很高兴与你聊天。）
24． Take care of yourself. （自己当心/照顾好你自己。）
25． Thank you for everything.（谢谢你的多方关照/你为我所做的一切。）
26． Thank you all for coming.（谢谢光临。）
27． I appreciate your help.（我感谢你的帮助。）
28． You're always welcome.（别客气/不用谢）
29． Forget it.（算了吧）
30． It was my pleasure.（不用谢。）
31． I made a mistake.（我弄错了。）
32． I'm terribly sorry.（实在抱歉。）
33． I must apologize!（我必须道歉！）
34． I feel terrible.（我感觉糟透了。）
35． It's not your fault. （那不是你的错。）
36． Sorry to bother /have bothered you.（抱歉，打扰一下/打扰你了。）
37． What do you do?（你做什么工作？）
38． How do you like your new job?（你觉得你的新工作怎样？）
39． I like it a lot.（我很喜欢。）
40． I like reading and listening to music.（我喜欢阅读和欣赏音乐。）
41． What's wrong?（怎么回事？）
42． What happened?（发生什么事了？）
43． I hope nothing is wrong.（我希望一切顺利。）
44． I know how you feel.（我知道你的感受。）
45． Sorry to hear that.（听到这个消息我很难受。）
46． Come on, you can do that.（来吧，你能做到的。）
47． Use your head.（动动脑筋。）
48． You did a great job.（你赶得很好。）
49． That's very nice of you.（你真好。）
50． I'm very proud of you.（我为你感到自豪。）
奠定一个疯狂的基石。请务必先做到一件事，那就是：拼命地、昏天黑日地、流着汗水和泪水地把1000个地道的句子脱口而出！这是你“疯狂大厦”的基石！有了这样一个坚实的基石，你成功的可能性就会大很多。
51． I like your style.（我喜欢你的风格。）
52． I love you guys.（我爱你们。）
53． How do I look?（我看起来怎么样？）
54． You look great!（你看上去棒极了！）
55． That's fantastic!（那真是棒极了！）
56． That's really something.（那真是了不起！）
57． It's a pleasure working with you.（与您合作很愉快。）
58． Congratulations on you success.（祝贺你的成功。）
59． I'd like to propose a toast.（我提议干杯！）
60． Are you married or single?（你结婚了吗？）
61． I've been dying to see you.（我非常想见到你。）
62． I'm crazy about you.（我为你疯狂/痴迷/神魂颠倒。）
63． I love you with all my heart.（我全心全意爱你！）
64． You're everything to me.（你是我的一切！）
65． You're in love!（你恋爱了！）
66． I'm tired of working all day.（整日工作使我厌烦。）
67． You work too much.（你做得太多了。）
68． Money will come and go.（钱乃身外之物。）
69． Are you crazy?（你疯了吗？）
70． Have you got it?（明白了吗？）
71． I've got it.（我懂了。）
72． I can't afford that.（我承担/买不起。）
73． I did it, I'm so happy now.（我做到了，现在我很满意。）
74． I don't care.（不关我的事/我不管。）
75． I don't think so.（我不这么想/我看不会/不行/不用。）
76． I guess so.（我想是吧。）
77． I have no other choice.（我别无选择。）
78． I will do my best!（我会尽力的！）
79． I mean it.（我是认真的。）
80． I'm so scared.（我怕极了。）
81． It's hard to say.（难说。）
82． It's a long story.（说来话长/一言难尽。）
83． It's a small world.（世界真小。）
84． It's against the law!（那是违法的！）
85． It's a good opportunity!（好机会！）
86． It's dangerous!（危险！）
87． May I help you?（我能帮忙吗？）
88． No doubt about it.（毫无疑问。）
89． That's bullshit!（废话！）
90． Think it over.（仔细考虑一下。）
91． Time will tell.（时间会证明的。）
92． What a surprise!（太令人惊讶了！）
93． Whatever you say!（随便你！）
94． You are the boss!（听你的！你说了算！）
95． You have my word!（我保证！）
96． Tough job, tough day, tough world. Life is not always sweet. That's life! （艰苦的工作，艰难的日子，不幸的世界。生活并不总是甜蜜的。这就是生活！）
97． I need some sleep.（我需要睡眠。）
98． Take it easy.（别紧张。）
99． Just relax.（放松一下。）
100． Zip your fly!（闭嘴！）
塑料注塑成型的用语中日文对照大全
注塑成形用语 日本语 汉语 1 成形 機 注塑机 2 温 調 器 水温机 3 冷却 冷却 4 冷却 時間 冷却时间 5 乾燥 器 干燥器 6 プラスチック 原料 塑料原料 7 樹脂 塑脂 8 充填 填充 9 密度 密度 10 射出 速度 射出速度 11 射出 時間 射出时间 12 射出 圧力 射出压力 13 保 圧 保压 14 保 圧 時間 保压时间 15 背 圧 背压 16 パージ 零件 17 温度 温度 18 一次 一次 19 二次 二次 20 三次 三次 21 離 型 剤 离型剂（脱模剂） 22 成形 サイクル 成形周期 23 リサイクル 材 次料比例 24 型 締 力 锁模力 25 タイバー 間隔 哥林柱间隔 26 金型 寸法 模板尺寸 27 金型 厚 模具厚度 28 射出 装置 形式 射出装置型式 29 シリンダー 径 螺杆直径 30 最大 射出 圧力 最大射出压力 31 射出 容量 射出重量 32 可塑 化 能力 可塑化能力 33 最大 射出 スピード 最高射出速度 34 機械 寸法 机械尺寸 35 機械 重量 机械重量
常用塑料原料的中日文对照大全表
分类 日文名称 中文名称 通用材料 PVC（ポリ塩化ビニル） PCV(聚氯乙烯树脂) ABS樹脂 ABS树脂 PP（ポリプロピレン） P.P(聚丙烯) PE（ポリエチレン） P.E(聚乙烯) PS（ポリスチレン） P.S(聚苯乙烯) PMMA（メタクリル樹脂） PMMA(丙烯) EP（エポキシ） E．P(环氧树脂) 工程塑料 PA（ナイロン／ポリアミド） P.A(尼龙／聚酰胺) PC（ポリカーボネイト） P.C(聚碳酸脂) PET(ポリエステル） P.E.T PPE（ポリフェニレンエ－テル） P.P.E POM（ポリアセタール） P.O.M(聚缩醛) PBT（ポリエステル） P.B.T 超级工程塑料 PPS（ポリフェニレンスルフィド） P.P.S PI（ポリイミド） P.I(聚亚氨) PEEK（ポリエーテルエーテルケトン） P.E.E.K LCP LCP PTFE（フッ素樹脂） 氟树脂 PES（ポリエーテルスルホン） P.ES 其他材料 PF（フェノール） P.F(酚) FRP（ガラス繊維強化プラスチック） FRP(强化玻璃纤维塑料) GRP（ガラス繊維強化プラスチック） GRP(强化玻璃纤维塑料) ウレタン樹脂 尿烷树脂 PU（ポリウレタン） P.U(聚氨基甲酸酯) アセトン 丙酮 ブチレン 丁烯 エラストマー 合成橡胶、弹性橡胶
塑料注塑成型不良的中日文对照大全表
塑料成型不良品用语
日本语 汉语
1 キャビ 取
られ 粘模
2 傷 划伤
3 ダコン 打痕
4 カジリ 擦伤
5 ショートモールド 充不满
6 ヒケ 缩水
7 バリ 毛刺
8 糸 バリ 胶丝
9 フローマーク 流痕
10 ウェルド 熔接痕
11 シルバー 料花
12 ヤケ 烧焦
13 ソリ 翘曲
14 変形 变形
15 ネジリ 扭曲
16 白 化 白化
17 突 き 出 し 白 化 顶白
18 メクレ 托高
19 割 れ 裂纹
20 汚 れ 污迹
21 油 汚 れ 油污
22 異物 混入 异物混装
23 勘合 不良 装配不良
24 仕上 げ 不良 加工不良
25 折 れ 断裂
26 気泡 气泡
27 色 むら 色偏差
28 ツヤ 反光
29 現品 違 い 实物不符
30 員数 不足 数量不足
31 寸法 不良 尺寸不良
32 凹凸 不平
33 段差 台阶
34 シボ 麻面
日本语 汉语
1 キャビ 取
られ 粘模
2 傷 划伤
3 ダコン 打痕
4 カジリ 擦伤
5 ショートモールド 充不满
6 ヒケ 缩水
7 バリ 毛刺
8 糸 バリ 胶丝
9 フローマーク 流痕
10 ウェルド 熔接痕
11 シルバー 料花
12 ヤケ 烧焦
13 ソリ 翘曲
14 変形 变形
15 ネジリ 扭曲
16 白 化 白化
17 突 き 出 し 白 化 顶白
18 メクレ 托高
19 割 れ 裂纹
20 汚 れ 污迹
21 油 汚 れ 油污
22 異物 混入 异物混装
23 勘合 不良 装配不良
24 仕上 げ 不良 加工不良
25 折 れ 断裂
26 気泡 气泡
27 色 むら 色偏差
28 ツヤ 反光
29 現品 違 い 实物不符
30 員数 不足 数量不足
31 寸法 不良 尺寸不良
32 凹凸 不平
33 段差 台阶
34 シボ 麻面
注塑加工专业名词中英文对照表
Surface Appearance 外观 Glossiness/gloss finish 光洁度 Matt finish/matt surface 毛面 Glass fiber rich surface/glass emergence on the surface 玻纤外露 Blooming/surface blooming 表面析出 White patches on surface 表面白斑 Silver marks/silver streak 银纹 Splay mark 水纹 Flow mark 流纹 Weld line 溶结纹 Brittle/brittleness 脆 Bubbles/trapped gas 气泡 Void 孔 Burn marks 烧伤 FR failed 阻燃不合格 Flame rating V-2 阻燃V-2 Poor dispersion 分散不好 FR/PTFE …agglomerates etc 阻燃剂/PTFE…结块 Pellet porous 粒子不密/蜜蜂窝 Low impact/tensile etc 物理性能低 High flow/filler content etc 流动性/填充…过高 Longs/fines/doubles 长粒/碎屑/连粒 Poor cut 粒形不好 Bristle/voids 表面有小气泡/孔 Glass bundles 玻纤结团 Product was rejected due to 产品不能接受因为… High moisture level 高水分 Warpage/warped 翘曲 Shrinkage/shrink 收缩 Sink marks 缩影 Short shot/short molding 打不满 Distortion 变形 Over dimension 尺寸过大 Under dimension 尺寸过小 Flashing 飞边 Discoloration 变色 Off color 颜色差异 Flow rate 流动率 Viscous 粘 High flow 高流动 Low flow 低流动 Sticky 粘 Mold release 脱模 Antioxidant 抗氧剂 Flame retardant agent 阻燃剂 Heat stabilizer 热稳定剂 Chopped glass fiber 短切玻纤 Roving glass fiber 粗纱/长玻纤 Glass beads 玻璃微珠 Milled fiber 碾磨纤 Molybdenum disulfide/moly/MoS2 二硫化钼 Colorant 着色剂 Pigment 颜料 Dye 染料 Accepted product specification 接受产品规格 Approved our product 认可我们的产品 Re-set spec 重新定标准 Add in extra … 添加多一点… Reduced … content 减少…含量 Dropped/reduced … by x％ 减少…含量…％ Confirmed color standard 确认颜色标准 Approved color standard 认可颜色标准 Re-confirmed color standard 重新确认颜色标准 Qualified our product 认可我们的产品 Undergoing heat aging test 在做热老化实验 Product is under testing 产品在测试当中 Received first order 接了第一个定单 Expected to finish by … 预计在…完成 Expected order is xMT 预计定单量…吨 Estimated annual/monthly consumption 预计年/月用量
模具制造业相关名词中英文对照大全--2
baffle plate挡块
cover plate盖板
male die公模
female die母模
groove punch压线冲子
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆
spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板
bushing block衬套
insert 入块
club car高尔夫球车
capability能力
parameter参数
factor系数
phosphate皮膜化成
viscosity涂料粘度
alkalidipping脱脂
main manifold主集流脉
bezel斜视规
blanking穿落模
dejecting顶固模
demagnetization去磁;消磁
high-speed transmission高速传递
heat dissipation热传
rack上料
degrease脱脂
rinse水洗
alkaline etch龄咬
desmut剥黑膜
D.I. rinse纯水次
Chromate铬酸处理
Anodize阳性处理
seal封孔
revision版次
part number/P/N料号
good products良品
scraped products报放心品
defective products不良品
finished products成品
disposed products处理品
barcode条形码
flow chart流程窗体
assembly组装
stamping冲压
molding成型
spare parts=buffer备品
coordinate坐标
dismantle the die折模
auxiliary fuction辅助功能
poly-line多义线
heater band 加热片
thermocouple热电偶
sand blasting喷沙
grit 砂砾
derusting machine除锈机
degate打浇口
dryer烘干机
induction感应
induction light感应光
response=reaction=interaction感应
ram连杆
edge finder巡边器
concave 凹
convex凸
short射料不足
nick缺口
speck瑕疪
shine亮班
splay 银纹
gas mark焦痕
delamination起鳞
cold slug冷块
blush 导色
gouge沟槽;凿槽
satin texture段面咬花
witness line证示线
patent专利
grit沙砾
granule=peuet=grain细粒
grit maker抽粒机
cushion缓冲
magnalium镁铝合金
magnesium镁金
metal plate钣金
lathe车
mill锉
plane刨
grind磨
drill钻
boring镗
blinster气泡
fillet镶;嵌边
through-hole form通孔形式
voller pin formality滚针形式
cam driver铡楔
shank摸柄
crank shaft曲柄轴
augular offset角度偏差
velocity速度
production tempo生产进度现状
torque扭矩
spline=the multiple keys花键
quenching淬火
tempering回火
annealing退火
carbonization碳化
alloy合金
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的
moly high speed steel钼高速的
organic solvent有机溶剂
bracket小磁导
liaison联络单
volatile挥发性
resistance电阻
ion离子
titrator滴定仪
beacon警示灯
coolant冷却液
crusher破碎机
模具工程类
plain die简易模
pierce die冲孔模
forming die成型模
progressive die连续模
gang dies复合模
shearing die剪边模
riveting die铆合模
pierce冲孔
forming成型(抽凸,冲凸)
draw hole抽孔
bending折弯
trim切边
emboss凸点
dome凸圆
semi-shearing半剪
stamp mark冲记号
deburr or coin压毛边
punch riveting冲压铆合
side stretch侧冲压平
reel stretch卷圆压平
groove压线
blanking下料
stamp letter冲字(料号)
shearing剪断
tick-mark nearside正面压印
tick-mark farside反面压印
冲压名称类
extension dwg展开图
procedure dwg工程图
die structure dwg模具结构图
material材质
material thickness料片厚度
factor系数
upward向上
downward向下
press specification冲床规格
die height range适用模高
die height闭模高度
burr毛边
gap间隙
weight重量
total wt.总重量
punch wt.上模重量
五金零件类
inner guiding post内导柱
inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉
dowel pin固定销
coil spring弹簧
lifter pin顶料销
eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒
pin销
lifter guide pin浮升导料销
guide pin导正销
wire spring圆线弹簧
outer guiding post外导柱
stop screw止付螺丝
located pin定位销
outer bush外导套
模板类
top plate上托板（顶板）
top block上垫脚
punch set上模座
punch pad上垫板
punch holder上夹板
stripper pad脱料背板
up stripper上脱料板
male die公模(凸模)
feature die公母模
female die母模(凹模)
upper plate上模板
lower plate下模板
die pad下垫板
die holder下夹板
die set下模座
bottom block下垫脚
bottom plate下托板(底板)
stripping plate内外打(脱料板)
outer stripper外脱料板
inner stripper内脱料板
lower stripper下脱料板
零件类
punch冲头
insert入块(嵌入件)
deburring punch压毛边冲子
groove punch压线冲子
stamped punch字模冲子
round punch圆冲子
special shape punch异形冲子
bending block折刀
roller滚轴
baffle plate挡块
located block定位块
supporting block for location
定位支承块
air cushion plate气垫板
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆
trimming punch切边冲子
stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子
ribbon punch压筋冲子
reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子
guide plate定位板
sliding block滑块
cover plate盖板
male die公模
female die母模
groove punch压线冲子
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆
spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板
bushing block衬套
insert 入块
club car高尔夫球车
capability能力
parameter参数
factor系数
phosphate皮膜化成
viscosity涂料粘度
alkalidipping脱脂
main manifold主集流脉
bezel斜视规
blanking穿落模
dejecting顶固模
demagnetization去磁;消磁
high-speed transmission高速传递
heat dissipation热传
rack上料
degrease脱脂
rinse水洗
alkaline etch龄咬
desmut剥黑膜
D.I. rinse纯水次
Chromate铬酸处理
Anodize阳性处理
seal封孔
revision版次
part number/P/N料号
good products良品
scraped products报放心品
defective products不良品
finished products成品
disposed products处理品
barcode条形码
flow chart流程窗体
assembly组装
stamping冲压
molding成型
spare parts=buffer备品
coordinate坐标
dismantle the die折模
auxiliary fuction辅助功能
poly-line多义线
heater band 加热片
thermocouple热电偶
sand blasting喷沙
grit 砂砾
derusting machine除锈机
degate打浇口
dryer烘干机
induction感应
induction light感应光
response=reaction=interaction感应
ram连杆
edge finder巡边器
concave 凹
convex凸
short射料不足
nick缺口
speck瑕疪
shine亮班
splay 银纹
gas mark焦痕
delamination起鳞
cold slug冷块
blush 导色
gouge沟槽;凿槽
satin texture段面咬花
witness line证示线
patent专利
grit沙砾
granule=peuet=grain细粒
grit maker抽粒机
cushion缓冲
magnalium镁铝合金
magnesium镁金
metal plate钣金
lathe车
mill锉
plane刨
grind磨
drill钻
boring镗
blinster气泡
fillet镶;嵌边
through-hole form通孔形式
voller pin formality滚针形式
cam driver铡楔
shank摸柄
crank shaft曲柄轴
augular offset角度偏差
velocity速度
production tempo生产进度现状
torque扭矩
spline=the multiple keys花键
quenching淬火
tempering回火
annealing退火
carbonization碳化
alloy合金
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的
moly high speed steel钼高速的
organic solvent有机溶剂
bracket小磁导
liaison联络单
volatile挥发性
resistance电阻
ion离子
titrator滴定仪
beacon警示灯
coolant冷却液
crusher破碎机
模具工程类
plain die简易模
pierce die冲孔模
forming die成型模
progressive die连续模
gang dies复合模
shearing die剪边模
riveting die铆合模
pierce冲孔
forming成型(抽凸,冲凸)
draw hole抽孔
bending折弯
trim切边
emboss凸点
dome凸圆
semi-shearing半剪
stamp mark冲记号
deburr or coin压毛边
punch riveting冲压铆合
side stretch侧冲压平
reel stretch卷圆压平
groove压线
blanking下料
stamp letter冲字(料号)
shearing剪断
tick-mark nearside正面压印
tick-mark farside反面压印
冲压名称类
extension dwg展开图
procedure dwg工程图
die structure dwg模具结构图
material材质
material thickness料片厚度
factor系数
upward向上
downward向下
press specification冲床规格
die height range适用模高
die height闭模高度
burr毛边
gap间隙
weight重量
total wt.总重量
punch wt.上模重量
五金零件类
inner guiding post内导柱
inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉
dowel pin固定销
coil spring弹簧
lifter pin顶料销
eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒
pin销
lifter guide pin浮升导料销
guide pin导正销
wire spring圆线弹簧
outer guiding post外导柱
stop screw止付螺丝
located pin定位销
outer bush外导套
模板类
top plate上托板（顶板）
top block上垫脚
punch set上模座
punch pad上垫板
punch holder上夹板
stripper pad脱料背板
up stripper上脱料板
male die公模(凸模)
feature die公母模
female die母模(凹模)
upper plate上模板
lower plate下模板
die pad下垫板
die holder下夹板
die set下模座
bottom block下垫脚
bottom plate下托板(底板)
stripping plate内外打(脱料板)
outer stripper外脱料板
inner stripper内脱料板
lower stripper下脱料板
零件类
punch冲头
insert入块(嵌入件)
deburring punch压毛边冲子
groove punch压线冲子
stamped punch字模冲子
round punch圆冲子
special shape punch异形冲子
bending block折刀
roller滚轴
baffle plate挡块
located block定位块
supporting block for location
定位支承块
air cushion plate气垫板
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆
trimming punch切边冲子
stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子
ribbon punch压筋冲子
reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子
guide plate定位板
sliding block滑块
模具厂常用标准零配件中英文对照大全
air vent vale 通气阀 anchor pin 锚梢
angular pin 角梢 baffle 调节阻板
angular pin 倾斜梢 baffle plate 折流档板
ball button 球塞套 ball plunger 定位球塞
ball slider 球塞滑块 binder plate 压板
blank holder 防皱压板 blanking die 落料冲头
bolster 上下模板 bottom board 浇注底板
bolster 垫板 bottom plate 下固定板
bracket 托架 bumper block 缓冲块
buster 堵口 casting ladle 浇注包
casting lug 铸耳 cavity 模穴(模仁)
cavity retainer plate 模穴托板 center pin 中心梢
clamping block 锁定块 coil spring 螺旋弹簧
cold punched nut 冷冲螺母 cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓
core 心型 core pin 心型梢
cotter 开口梢 cross 十字接头
cushion pin 缓冲梢 diaphragm gate 盘形浇口
die approach 模头料道 die bed 型底
die block 块形模体 die body 铸模座
die bush 合模衬套 die button 冲模母模
die clamper 夹模器 die fastener 模具固定用零件
die holder 母模固定板 die lip 模唇
die plate 冲模板 die set 冲压模座
direct gate 直接浇口 dog chuck 爪牙夹头
dowel 定位梢 dowel hole 导套孔
dowel pin 合模梢 dozzle 辅助浇口
dowel pin 定位梢 draft 拔模锥度
draw bead 张力调整杆 drive bearing 传动轴承
ejection pad 顶出衬垫 ejector 脱模器
ejector guide pin 顶出导梢 ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套
ejector pad 顶出垫 ejector pin 顶出梢
ejector plate 顶出板 ejector rod 顶出杆
ejector sleeve 顶出衬套 ejector valve 顶出阀
eye bolt 环首螺栓 filling core 椿入蕊
film gate 薄膜形浇口 finger pin 指形梢
finish machined plate 角形模板 finish machined round plate 圆形模板
fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板 flanged pin 带凸缘?
flash gate 毛边形浇口 flask 上箱
floating punch 浮动冲头 gate 浇口
gate land 浇口面 gib 凹形拉紧?
goose neck 鹅颈管 guide bushing 引导衬套
guide pin 导梢 guide post 引导柱
guide plate 导板 guide rail 导轨
head punch 顶?冲头 headless punch 直柄冲头
heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒 hose nippler 管接头
impact damper 缓冲器 injection ram 压射柱塞
inlay busher 嵌入衬套 inner plunger 内柱塞
inner punch 内冲头 insert 嵌件
insert pin 嵌件梢 king pin 转向梢
king pin bush 主梢衬套 knockout bar 脱模杵
land 合模平坦面 land area 合模面
leader busher 导梢衬套 lifting pin 起模顶?
lining 内衬 locating center punch 定位中心冲头
locating pilot pin 定位导梢 locating ring 定位环
lock block 压块 locking block 定位块
locking plate 定位板 loose bush 活动衬套
making die 打印冲子 manifold block 歧管档块
master plate 靠模样板 match plate 分型板
mold base 塑胶模座 mold clamp 铸模紧固夹
mold platen 模用板 moving bolster 换模保持装置
moving bolster plate 可动侧模板 one piece casting 整体铸件
parallel block 平行垫块 paring line 分模线
parting lock set 合模定位器 pass guide 穴型导板
peened head punch 镶入式冲头 pilot pin 导?
pin gate 针尖浇口 plate 衬板
pre extrusion punch 顶挤冲头 punch 冲头
puncher 推杆 pusher pin 衬套梢
rack 机架 rapping rod 起模杆
re-entrant mold 凹入模 retainer pin 嵌件梢
retainer plate 托料板 return pin 回位梢
riding stripper 浮动脱模器 ring gate 环型浇口
roller 滚筒 runner 流道
runner ejector set 流道顶出器 runner lock pin 流道拉梢
screw plug 头塞 set screw 固定螺丝
shedder 脱模装置 shim 分隔片
shoe 模座之上下模板 shoot 流道
shoulder bolt 肩部螺丝 skeleton 骨架
slag riser 冒渣口 slide(slide core) 滑块
slip joint 滑配接头 spacer block 间隔块
spacer ring 间隔环 spider 模蕊支架
spindle 主轴 sprue 注道
sprue bushing 注道衬套 sprue bushing guide 注道导套
sprue lock bushing 注道定位衬套 sprue puller 注道拉料?
spue line 合模线 square key 方键
square nut 方螺帽 square thread 方螺纹
stop collar 限位套 stop pin 止动梢
stop ring 止动环 stopper 定位停止梢
straight pin 圆柱? stripper bolt 脱料螺栓
stripper bushing 脱模衬套 stripper plate 剥料板
stroke end block 行程止梢 submarine gate 潜入式浇口
support pillar 支撑支柱/顶出支柱 support pin 支撑梢
supporting plate 托板 sweep templete 造模刮板
tab gate 辅助浇口 taper key 推拔键
taper pin 拔锥梢/锥形梢 teeming 浇注
three start screw 三条螺纹 thrust pin 推力销
tie bar 拉杵 tunnel gate 隧道形浇口
vent 通气孔 wortle plate 拉丝模板
angular pin 角梢 baffle 调节阻板
angular pin 倾斜梢 baffle plate 折流档板
ball button 球塞套 ball plunger 定位球塞
ball slider 球塞滑块 binder plate 压板
blank holder 防皱压板 blanking die 落料冲头
bolster 上下模板 bottom board 浇注底板
bolster 垫板 bottom plate 下固定板
bracket 托架 bumper block 缓冲块
buster 堵口 casting ladle 浇注包
casting lug 铸耳 cavity 模穴(模仁)
cavity retainer plate 模穴托板 center pin 中心梢
clamping block 锁定块 coil spring 螺旋弹簧
cold punched nut 冷冲螺母 cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓
core 心型 core pin 心型梢
cotter 开口梢 cross 十字接头
cushion pin 缓冲梢 diaphragm gate 盘形浇口
die approach 模头料道 die bed 型底
die block 块形模体 die body 铸模座
die bush 合模衬套 die button 冲模母模
die clamper 夹模器 die fastener 模具固定用零件
die holder 母模固定板 die lip 模唇
die plate 冲模板 die set 冲压模座
direct gate 直接浇口 dog chuck 爪牙夹头
dowel 定位梢 dowel hole 导套孔
dowel pin 合模梢 dozzle 辅助浇口
dowel pin 定位梢 draft 拔模锥度
draw bead 张力调整杆 drive bearing 传动轴承
ejection pad 顶出衬垫 ejector 脱模器
ejector guide pin 顶出导梢 ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套
ejector pad 顶出垫 ejector pin 顶出梢
ejector plate 顶出板 ejector rod 顶出杆
ejector sleeve 顶出衬套 ejector valve 顶出阀
eye bolt 环首螺栓 filling core 椿入蕊
film gate 薄膜形浇口 finger pin 指形梢
finish machined plate 角形模板 finish machined round plate 圆形模板
fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板 flanged pin 带凸缘?
flash gate 毛边形浇口 flask 上箱
floating punch 浮动冲头 gate 浇口
gate land 浇口面 gib 凹形拉紧?
goose neck 鹅颈管 guide bushing 引导衬套
guide pin 导梢 guide post 引导柱
guide plate 导板 guide rail 导轨
head punch 顶?冲头 headless punch 直柄冲头
heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒 hose nippler 管接头
impact damper 缓冲器 injection ram 压射柱塞
inlay busher 嵌入衬套 inner plunger 内柱塞
inner punch 内冲头 insert 嵌件
insert pin 嵌件梢 king pin 转向梢
king pin bush 主梢衬套 knockout bar 脱模杵
land 合模平坦面 land area 合模面
leader busher 导梢衬套 lifting pin 起模顶?
lining 内衬 locating center punch 定位中心冲头
locating pilot pin 定位导梢 locating ring 定位环
lock block 压块 locking block 定位块
locking plate 定位板 loose bush 活动衬套
making die 打印冲子 manifold block 歧管档块
master plate 靠模样板 match plate 分型板
mold base 塑胶模座 mold clamp 铸模紧固夹
mold platen 模用板 moving bolster 换模保持装置
moving bolster plate 可动侧模板 one piece casting 整体铸件
parallel block 平行垫块 paring line 分模线
parting lock set 合模定位器 pass guide 穴型导板
peened head punch 镶入式冲头 pilot pin 导?
pin gate 针尖浇口 plate 衬板
pre extrusion punch 顶挤冲头 punch 冲头
puncher 推杆 pusher pin 衬套梢
rack 机架 rapping rod 起模杆
re-entrant mold 凹入模 retainer pin 嵌件梢
retainer plate 托料板 return pin 回位梢
riding stripper 浮动脱模器 ring gate 环型浇口
roller 滚筒 runner 流道
runner ejector set 流道顶出器 runner lock pin 流道拉梢
screw plug 头塞 set screw 固定螺丝
shedder 脱模装置 shim 分隔片
shoe 模座之上下模板 shoot 流道
shoulder bolt 肩部螺丝 skeleton 骨架
slag riser 冒渣口 slide(slide core) 滑块
slip joint 滑配接头 spacer block 间隔块
spacer ring 间隔环 spider 模蕊支架
spindle 主轴 sprue 注道
sprue bushing 注道衬套 sprue bushing guide 注道导套
sprue lock bushing 注道定位衬套 sprue puller 注道拉料?
spue line 合模线 square key 方键
square nut 方螺帽 square thread 方螺纹
stop collar 限位套 stop pin 止动梢
stop ring 止动环 stopper 定位停止梢
straight pin 圆柱? stripper bolt 脱料螺栓
stripper bushing 脱模衬套 stripper plate 剥料板
stroke end block 行程止梢 submarine gate 潜入式浇口
support pillar 支撑支柱/顶出支柱 support pin 支撑梢
supporting plate 托板 sweep templete 造模刮板
tab gate 辅助浇口 taper key 推拔键
taper pin 拔锥梢/锥形梢 teeming 浇注
three start screw 三条螺纹 thrust pin 推力销
tie bar 拉杵 tunnel gate 隧道形浇口
vent 通气孔 wortle plate 拉丝模板
简述外向型塑料制品企业常用英语词汇--1
一、组织机构及职位
XX电子有限公司XX Electronics CO., Ltd
总经理办公室General manager’s office
企管部Enterprise management department (EM)
行政部Administration department (AD)
销售部Sales department (SD)
财务部Financial department (FD)
技术部Technology department (TD)
物控部Production material control department (PMC)
生产部Production department(PD)
模具部Mold manufacturing department, Tooling manufacturing department (TM)
品管部Quality Assurance department (QA)
冲压车间Stamp workshop, press workshop
注塑车间injection workshop
装配车间Assembly workshop
模具装配车间Mold and die Assembly workshop
金属加工车间metal machine workshop
电脉冲车间Electric discharge process workshop
线切割车间wire cutting process workshop
工磨车间Grinding workshop
总经理General manager (GM)
副总经理Vice-general manager
经理manager
董事长president
副董事长Vice-president
XX部门经理Manager of XX department
主任、主管supervisor
拉长Line leader
组长Foreman, forelady
秘书secretary
文员clerk
操作员operator
助理assistant
XX电子有限公司XX Electronics CO., Ltd
总经理办公室General manager’s office
企管部Enterprise management department (EM)
行政部Administration department (AD)
销售部Sales department (SD)
财务部Financial department (FD)
技术部Technology department (TD)
物控部Production material control department (PMC)
生产部Production department(PD)
模具部Mold manufacturing department, Tooling manufacturing department (TM)
品管部Quality Assurance department (QA)
冲压车间Stamp workshop, press workshop
注塑车间injection workshop
装配车间Assembly workshop
模具装配车间Mold and die Assembly workshop
金属加工车间metal machine workshop
电脉冲车间Electric discharge process workshop
线切割车间wire cutting process workshop
工磨车间Grinding workshop
总经理General manager (GM)
副总经理Vice-general manager
经理manager
董事长president
副董事长Vice-president
XX部门经理Manager of XX department
主任、主管supervisor
拉长Line leader
组长Foreman, forelady
秘书secretary
文员clerk
操作员operator
助理assistant
各式塑料模具的分类用语中英文对照大全
landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具
burnishing die 挤光模 landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具
button die 镶入式圆形凹模 loading shoe mold 料套式模具
center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具 loose detail mold 活零件模具
chill mold 冷硬用铸模 loose mold 活动式模具
clod hobbing 冷挤压制模 louvering die 百叶窗冲切模
composite dies 复合模具 manifold die 分歧管模具
counter punch 反凸模 modular mold 组合式模具
double stack mold 双层模具 multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具
electroformed mold 电铸成形模 multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具
expander die 扩径模 offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具
extrusion die 挤出模 palletizing die 叠层模
family mold 反套制品模具 plaster mold 石膏模
blank through dies 漏件式落料模 porous mold 通气性模具
duplicated cavity plate 复板模 positive mold 全压式模具
fantail die 扇尾形模具 pressure die 压紧模
fishtail die 鱼尾形模具 profile die 轮廓模
flash mold 溢料式模具 progressive die 顺序模
gypsum mold 石膏铸模 protable mold 手提式模具
hot-runner mold 热流道模具 prototype mold 雏形试验模具
ingot mold 钢锭模 punching die 落料模
lancing die 切口模 raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形
re-entrant mold 倒角式模具 sectional die 拼合模
runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具 sectional die 对合模具
segment mold 组合模 semi-positive mold 半全压式模具
shaper 定型模套 single cavity mold 单腔模具
solid forging die 整体锻模 split forging die 拼合锻模
split mold 双并式模具 sprueless mold 无注道残料模具
squeezing die 挤压模 stretch form die 拉伸成形模
sweeping mold 平刮铸模 swing die 振动模具
three plates mold 三片式模具 trimming die 切边模
unit mold 单元式模具 universal mold 通用模具
unscrewing mold 退扣式模具 yoke type die 轭型模
burnishing die 挤光模 landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具
button die 镶入式圆形凹模 loading shoe mold 料套式模具
center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具 loose detail mold 活零件模具
chill mold 冷硬用铸模 loose mold 活动式模具
clod hobbing 冷挤压制模 louvering die 百叶窗冲切模
composite dies 复合模具 manifold die 分歧管模具
counter punch 反凸模 modular mold 组合式模具
double stack mold 双层模具 multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具
electroformed mold 电铸成形模 multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具
expander die 扩径模 offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具
extrusion die 挤出模 palletizing die 叠层模
family mold 反套制品模具 plaster mold 石膏模
blank through dies 漏件式落料模 porous mold 通气性模具
duplicated cavity plate 复板模 positive mold 全压式模具
fantail die 扇尾形模具 pressure die 压紧模
fishtail die 鱼尾形模具 profile die 轮廓模
flash mold 溢料式模具 progressive die 顺序模
gypsum mold 石膏铸模 protable mold 手提式模具
hot-runner mold 热流道模具 prototype mold 雏形试验模具
ingot mold 钢锭模 punching die 落料模
lancing die 切口模 raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形
re-entrant mold 倒角式模具 sectional die 拼合模
runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具 sectional die 对合模具
segment mold 组合模 semi-positive mold 半全压式模具
shaper 定型模套 single cavity mold 单腔模具
solid forging die 整体锻模 split forging die 拼合锻模
split mold 双并式模具 sprueless mold 无注道残料模具
squeezing die 挤压模 stretch form die 拉伸成形模
sweeping mold 平刮铸模 swing die 振动模具
three plates mold 三片式模具 trimming die 切边模
unit mold 单元式模具 universal mold 通用模具
unscrewing mold 退扣式模具 yoke type die 轭型模
国际长途电话区号表
国际长途电话区号表
小提示：拨打国际长途的方法为： 00+国家或地区代码+区号+电话号码
比如韩国(850)某地(9)的87654321号,应拨：00－850－9－87654321
国家或地区名称 长途区号 国家或地区名称 长途区号
阿富汗
Afghanistan 93 阿尔巴尼亚
Albania 355
阿尔及利亚
Algeria 213 美属萨摩亚
American Samoa 684
安道尔
Andorra 376 安哥拉
Angola 244
安圭拉
Anguilla 1264 南极洲
Antarctica 672
安提瓜和巴布达
Antigua and Barbuda 1268 阿根廷
Argentina 54
亚美尼亚
Armenia 374 阿鲁巴
Aruba 297
澳大利亚
Australia 61 奥地利
Austria 43
阿塞拜疆
Azerbaijan 994 巴林
Bahrain 973
孟加拉国
Bangladesh 880 巴巴多斯
Barbados 1246
白俄罗斯
Belarus 375 比利时
Belgium 32
伯利兹
Belize 501 贝宁
Benin 229
百慕大
Bermuda 1441 不丹
Bhutan 975
玻利维亚
Bolivia 591 波黑
Bosnia and Herzegovina 387
博茨瓦纳
Botswana 267 布维岛
Bouvet Island
巴西
Brazil 55 英属印度洋领地
British Indian Ocean Territory
英属维尔京群岛
British Virgin Islands 1284 文莱
Brunei Darussalam 673
保加利亚
Bulgaria 359 布基纳法索
Burkina Faso 226
缅甸
Burma 95 布隆迪
Burundi 257
柬埔寨
Cambodia 855 喀麦隆
Cameroon 237
加拿大
Canada 1 佛得角
Cape Verde 238
开曼群岛
Cayman Islands 1345 中非
Central African Republic 236
乍得
Chad 235 智利
Chile 56
中国
China 86 圣诞岛
Christmas Island 61
科科斯（基林）群岛
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 61 哥伦比亚
Colombia 57
科摩罗
Comoros 269 刚果（金）
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 243
刚果（布）
Congo, Republic of the 242 库克群岛
Cook Islands 682
哥斯达黎加
Costa Rica 506 科特迪瓦
Cote d'Ivoire 225
克罗地亚
Croatia 385 古巴
Cuba 53
塞浦路斯
Cyprus 357 捷克
Czech Republic 420
丹麦
Denmark 45 吉布提
Djibouti 253
多米尼克
Dominica 1767 多米尼加
Dominican Republic 1809
厄瓜多尔
Ecuador 593 埃及
Egypt 20
萨尔瓦多
El Salvador 503 赤道几内亚
Equatorial Guinea 240
厄立特里亚
Eritrea 291 爱沙尼亚
Estonia 372
埃塞俄比亚
Ethiopia 251 欧盟
European Union
福克兰群岛（马尔维纳斯）
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 500 法罗群岛
Faroe Islands 298
斐济
Fiji 679 芬兰
Finland 358
法国
France 33 法属圭亚那
French Guiana 594
法属波利尼西亚
French Polynesia 689 法属南部领土
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
加蓬
Gabon 241 格鲁吉亚
Georgia 995
德国
Germany 49 加纳
Ghana 233
直布罗陀
Gibraltar 350 希腊
Greece 30
格陵兰
Greenland 299 格林纳达
Grenada 1473
瓜德罗普
Guadeloupe 590 关岛
Guam 1671
危地马拉
Guatemala 502 根西岛
Guernsey 1481
几内亚
Guinea 224 几内亚比绍
Guinea-Bissau 245
圭亚那
Guyana 592 海地
Haiti 509
赫德岛和麦克唐纳岛
Heard Island and McDonald Islands 梵蒂冈
Holy See (Vatican City) 379
洪都拉斯
Honduras 504 香港
Hong Kong (SAR) 852
匈牙利
Hungary 36 冰岛
Iceland 354
印度
India 91 印度尼西亚
Indonesia 62
伊朗
Iran 98 伊拉克
Iraq 964
爱尔兰
Ireland 353 以色列
Israel 972
意大利
Italy 39 牙买加
Jamaica 1876
日本
Japan 81 泽西岛
Jersey
约旦
Jordan 962 哈萨克斯坦
Kazakhstan 73
肯尼亚
Kenya 254 基里巴斯
Kiribati 686
朝鲜
Korea, North 850 韩国
Korea, South 82
科威特
Kuwait 965 吉尔吉斯斯坦
Kyrgyzstan 996
老挝
Laos 856 拉脱维亚
Latvia 371
黎巴嫩
Lebanon 961 莱索托
Lesotho 266
利比里亚
Liberia 231 利比亚
Libya 218
列支敦士登
Liechtenstein 423 立陶宛
Lithuania 370
卢森堡
Luxembourg 352 澳门
Macao 853
前南马其顿
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of 389 马达加斯加
Madagascar 261
马拉维
Malawi 265 马来西亚
Malaysia 60
马尔代夫
Maldives 960 马里
Mali 223
马耳他
Malta 356 马恩岛
Man, Isle of
马绍尔群岛
Marshall Islands 692 马提尼克
Martinique 596
毛里塔尼亚
Mauritania 222 毛里求斯
Mauritius 230
马约特
Mayotte 269 墨西哥
Mexico 52
密克罗尼西亚
Micronesia, Federated States of 691 摩尔多瓦
Moldova 373
摩纳哥
Monaco 377 蒙古
Mongolia 976
蒙特塞拉特
Montserrat 1664 摩洛哥
Morocco 212
莫桑比克
Mozambique 258 纳米尼亚
Namibia 264
瑙鲁
Nauru 674 尼泊尔
Nepal 977
荷兰
Netherlands 31 荷属安的列斯
Netherlands Antilles 599
新喀里多尼亚
New Caledonia 687 新西兰
New Zealand 64
尼加拉瓜
Nicaragua 505 尼日尔
Niger 227
尼日利亚
Nigeria 234 纽埃
Niue 683
诺福克岛
Norfolk Island 6723 北马里亚纳
Northern Mariana Islands 1
挪威
Norway 47 阿曼
Oman 968
巴基斯坦
Pakistan 92 帕劳
Palau 680
巴拿马
Panama 507 巴布亚新几内亚
Papua New Guinea 675
巴拉圭
Paraguay 595 秘鲁
Peru 51
菲律宾
Philippines 63 皮特凯恩
Pitcairn Islands
波兰
Poland 48 葡萄牙
Portugal 351
代理服务器
Proxy Server 波多黎各
Puerto Rico 1809
卡塔尔
Qatar 974 留尼汪
Reunion 262
罗马尼亚
Romania 40 俄罗斯
Russia 7
卢旺达
Rwanda 250 圣赫勒拿
Saint Helena 290
圣基茨和尼维斯
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1869 圣卢西亚
Saint Lucia 1758
圣皮埃尔和密克隆
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 508 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1784
萨摩亚
Samoa 685 圣马力诺
San Marino 378
圣多美和普林西比
Sao Tome and Principe 239 沙特阿拉伯
Saudi Arabia 966
塞内加尔
Senegal 221 塞尔维亚和黑山
Serbia and Montenegro 381
塞舌尔
Seychelles 248 塞拉利
Sierra Leone 232
新加坡
Singapore 65 斯洛伐克
Slovakia 421
斯洛文尼亚
Slovenia 386 所罗门群岛
Solomon Islands 677
索马里
Somalia 252 南非
South Africa 27
南乔治亚岛和南桑德韦奇岛
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 西班牙
Spain 34
斯里兰卡
Sri Lanka 94 苏丹
Sudan 249
苏里南
Suriname 597 斯瓦尔巴岛和扬马延岛
Svalbard 47
斯威士兰
Swaziland 268 瑞典
Sweden 46
瑞士
Switzerland 41 叙利亚
Syria 963
台湾
Taiwan 886 塔吉克斯坦
Tajikistan 992
坦桑尼亚
Tanzania 255 泰国
Thailand 66
巴哈马
The Bahamas 1242 冈比亚
The Gambia 220
多哥
Togo 228 托克劳
Tokelau 690
汤加
Tonga 676 特立尼达和多巴哥
Trinidad and Tobago 1868
突尼斯
Tunisia 216 土耳其
Turkey 90
土库曼斯坦
Turkmenistan 993 特克斯和凯科斯群岛
Turks and Caicos Islands 1649
图瓦卢
Tuvalu 688 乌干达
Uganda 256
乌克兰
Ukraine 380 阿拉伯联合酋长国
United Arab Emirates 971
英国
United Kingdom 44 美国
United States 1
乌拉圭
Uruguay 598 乌兹别克斯坦
Uzbekistan 998
瓦努阿图
Vanuatu 678 委内瑞拉
Venezuela 58
越南
Vietnam 84 美属维尔京群岛
Virgin Islands 1340
瓦利斯和富图纳
Wallis and Futuna 681 西撒哈拉
Western Sahara
也门
Yemen 967 南斯拉夫
Yugoslavia
赞比亚
Zambia 260 津巴布韦
Zimbabwe 263
小提示：拨打国际长途的方法为： 00+国家或地区代码+区号+电话号码
比如韩国(850)某地(9)的87654321号,应拨：00－850－9－87654321
国家或地区名称 长途区号 国家或地区名称 长途区号
阿富汗
Afghanistan 93 阿尔巴尼亚
Albania 355
阿尔及利亚
Algeria 213 美属萨摩亚
American Samoa 684
安道尔
Andorra 376 安哥拉
Angola 244
安圭拉
Anguilla 1264 南极洲
Antarctica 672
安提瓜和巴布达
Antigua and Barbuda 1268 阿根廷
Argentina 54
亚美尼亚
Armenia 374 阿鲁巴
Aruba 297
澳大利亚
Australia 61 奥地利
Austria 43
阿塞拜疆
Azerbaijan 994 巴林
Bahrain 973
孟加拉国
Bangladesh 880 巴巴多斯
Barbados 1246
白俄罗斯
Belarus 375 比利时
Belgium 32
伯利兹
Belize 501 贝宁
Benin 229
百慕大
Bermuda 1441 不丹
Bhutan 975
玻利维亚
Bolivia 591 波黑
Bosnia and Herzegovina 387
博茨瓦纳
Botswana 267 布维岛
Bouvet Island
巴西
Brazil 55 英属印度洋领地
British Indian Ocean Territory
英属维尔京群岛
British Virgin Islands 1284 文莱
Brunei Darussalam 673
保加利亚
Bulgaria 359 布基纳法索
Burkina Faso 226
缅甸
Burma 95 布隆迪
Burundi 257
柬埔寨
Cambodia 855 喀麦隆
Cameroon 237
加拿大
Canada 1 佛得角
Cape Verde 238
开曼群岛
Cayman Islands 1345 中非
Central African Republic 236
乍得
Chad 235 智利
Chile 56
中国
China 86 圣诞岛
Christmas Island 61
科科斯（基林）群岛
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 61 哥伦比亚
Colombia 57
科摩罗
Comoros 269 刚果（金）
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 243
刚果（布）
Congo, Republic of the 242 库克群岛
Cook Islands 682
哥斯达黎加
Costa Rica 506 科特迪瓦
Cote d'Ivoire 225
克罗地亚
Croatia 385 古巴
Cuba 53
塞浦路斯
Cyprus 357 捷克
Czech Republic 420
丹麦
Denmark 45 吉布提
Djibouti 253
多米尼克
Dominica 1767 多米尼加
Dominican Republic 1809
厄瓜多尔
Ecuador 593 埃及
Egypt 20
萨尔瓦多
El Salvador 503 赤道几内亚
Equatorial Guinea 240
厄立特里亚
Eritrea 291 爱沙尼亚
Estonia 372
埃塞俄比亚
Ethiopia 251 欧盟
European Union
福克兰群岛（马尔维纳斯）
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 500 法罗群岛
Faroe Islands 298
斐济
Fiji 679 芬兰
Finland 358
法国
France 33 法属圭亚那
French Guiana 594
法属波利尼西亚
French Polynesia 689 法属南部领土
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
加蓬
Gabon 241 格鲁吉亚
Georgia 995
德国
Germany 49 加纳
Ghana 233
直布罗陀
Gibraltar 350 希腊
Greece 30
格陵兰
Greenland 299 格林纳达
Grenada 1473
瓜德罗普
Guadeloupe 590 关岛
Guam 1671
危地马拉
Guatemala 502 根西岛
Guernsey 1481
几内亚
Guinea 224 几内亚比绍
Guinea-Bissau 245
圭亚那
Guyana 592 海地
Haiti 509
赫德岛和麦克唐纳岛
Heard Island and McDonald Islands 梵蒂冈
Holy See (Vatican City) 379
洪都拉斯
Honduras 504 香港
Hong Kong (SAR) 852
匈牙利
Hungary 36 冰岛
Iceland 354
印度
India 91 印度尼西亚
Indonesia 62
伊朗
Iran 98 伊拉克
Iraq 964
爱尔兰
Ireland 353 以色列
Israel 972
意大利
Italy 39 牙买加
Jamaica 1876
日本
Japan 81 泽西岛
Jersey
约旦
Jordan 962 哈萨克斯坦
Kazakhstan 73
肯尼亚
Kenya 254 基里巴斯
Kiribati 686
朝鲜
Korea, North 850 韩国
Korea, South 82
科威特
Kuwait 965 吉尔吉斯斯坦
Kyrgyzstan 996
老挝
Laos 856 拉脱维亚
Latvia 371
黎巴嫩
Lebanon 961 莱索托
Lesotho 266
利比里亚
Liberia 231 利比亚
Libya 218
列支敦士登
Liechtenstein 423 立陶宛
Lithuania 370
卢森堡
Luxembourg 352 澳门
Macao 853
前南马其顿
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of 389 马达加斯加
Madagascar 261
马拉维
Malawi 265 马来西亚
Malaysia 60
马尔代夫
Maldives 960 马里
Mali 223
马耳他
Malta 356 马恩岛
Man, Isle of
马绍尔群岛
Marshall Islands 692 马提尼克
Martinique 596
毛里塔尼亚
Mauritania 222 毛里求斯
Mauritius 230
马约特
Mayotte 269 墨西哥
Mexico 52
密克罗尼西亚
Micronesia, Federated States of 691 摩尔多瓦
Moldova 373
摩纳哥
Monaco 377 蒙古
Mongolia 976
蒙特塞拉特
Montserrat 1664 摩洛哥
Morocco 212
莫桑比克
Mozambique 258 纳米尼亚
Namibia 264
瑙鲁
Nauru 674 尼泊尔
Nepal 977
荷兰
Netherlands 31 荷属安的列斯
Netherlands Antilles 599
新喀里多尼亚
New Caledonia 687 新西兰
New Zealand 64
尼加拉瓜
Nicaragua 505 尼日尔
Niger 227
尼日利亚
Nigeria 234 纽埃
Niue 683
诺福克岛
Norfolk Island 6723 北马里亚纳
Northern Mariana Islands 1
挪威
Norway 47 阿曼
Oman 968
巴基斯坦
Pakistan 92 帕劳
Palau 680
巴拿马
Panama 507 巴布亚新几内亚
Papua New Guinea 675
巴拉圭
Paraguay 595 秘鲁
Peru 51
菲律宾
Philippines 63 皮特凯恩
Pitcairn Islands
波兰
Poland 48 葡萄牙
Portugal 351
代理服务器
Proxy Server 波多黎各
Puerto Rico 1809
卡塔尔
Qatar 974 留尼汪
Reunion 262
罗马尼亚
Romania 40 俄罗斯
Russia 7
卢旺达
Rwanda 250 圣赫勒拿
Saint Helena 290
圣基茨和尼维斯
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1869 圣卢西亚
Saint Lucia 1758
圣皮埃尔和密克隆
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 508 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1784
萨摩亚
Samoa 685 圣马力诺
San Marino 378
圣多美和普林西比
Sao Tome and Principe 239 沙特阿拉伯
Saudi Arabia 966
塞内加尔
Senegal 221 塞尔维亚和黑山
Serbia and Montenegro 381
塞舌尔
Seychelles 248 塞拉利
Sierra Leone 232
新加坡
Singapore 65 斯洛伐克
Slovakia 421
斯洛文尼亚
Slovenia 386 所罗门群岛
Solomon Islands 677
索马里
Somalia 252 南非
South Africa 27
南乔治亚岛和南桑德韦奇岛
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 西班牙
Spain 34
斯里兰卡
Sri Lanka 94 苏丹
Sudan 249
苏里南
Suriname 597 斯瓦尔巴岛和扬马延岛
Svalbard 47
斯威士兰
Swaziland 268 瑞典
Sweden 46
瑞士
Switzerland 41 叙利亚
Syria 963
台湾
Taiwan 886 塔吉克斯坦
Tajikistan 992
坦桑尼亚
Tanzania 255 泰国
Thailand 66
巴哈马
The Bahamas 1242 冈比亚
The Gambia 220
多哥
Togo 228 托克劳
Tokelau 690
汤加
Tonga 676 特立尼达和多巴哥
Trinidad and Tobago 1868
突尼斯
Tunisia 216 土耳其
Turkey 90
土库曼斯坦
Turkmenistan 993 特克斯和凯科斯群岛
Turks and Caicos Islands 1649
图瓦卢
Tuvalu 688 乌干达
Uganda 256
乌克兰
Ukraine 380 阿拉伯联合酋长国
United Arab Emirates 971
英国
United Kingdom 44 美国
United States 1
乌拉圭
Uruguay 598 乌兹别克斯坦
Uzbekistan 998
瓦努阿图
Vanuatu 678 委内瑞拉
Venezuela 58
越南
Vietnam 84 美属维尔京群岛
Virgin Islands 1340
瓦利斯和富图纳
Wallis and Futuna 681 西撒哈拉
Western Sahara
也门
Yemen 967 南斯拉夫
Yugoslavia
赞比亚
Zambia 260 津巴布韦
Zimbabwe 263
标点符号英语读法
标点符号英语读法
．period 句号
，comma 逗号
：colon 冒号
；semicolon 分号
！exclamation 惊叹号
？question mark 问号
￣hyphen 连字符
'apostrophe 省略号；所有格符号
—dash 破折号
‘ ’single quotation marks 单引号
“ ”double quotation marks 双引号
( )parentheses 圆括号
[ ]square brackets 方括号
《 》French quotes 法文引号；书名号
...ellipsis 省略号
¨tandem colon 双点号
"ditto 同上
‖parallel 双线号
／virgule 斜线号
＆ampersand = and
～swung dash 代字号
§section; division 分节号
→arrow 箭号；参见号
＋plus 加号；正号
－minus 减号；负号
±plus or minus 正负号
×is multiplied by 乘号
÷is divided by 除号
＝is equal to 等于号
≠is not equal to 不等于号
≡is equivalent to 全等于号
≌is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号
≈is approximately equal to 约等于号
＜is less than 小于号
＞is more than 大于号
≮is not less than 不小于号
≯is not more than 不大于号
≤is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
≥is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
％per cent 百分之…
‰per mill 千分之…
∞infinity 无限大号
∝varies as 与…成比例
√(square) root 平方根
∵since; because 因为
∴hence 所以
∷equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例
∠angle 角
⌒semicircle 半圆
⊙circle 圆
○circumference 圆周
πpi 圆周率
△triangle 三角形
⊥perpendicular to 垂直于
∪union of 并，合集
∩intersection of 交，通集
∫the integral of …的积分
∑(sigma) summation of 总和
°degree 度
′minute 分
″second 秒
＃number …号
℃Celsius system 摄氏度
＠at 单价
∝ varies as 与…成比例
√ (square) root 平方根
∵ since; because 因为
∴ hence 所以
∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例
∠ angle 角
⌒ semicircle 半圆
⊙ circle 圆
○ circumference 圆周
π pi 圆周率
△ triangle 三角形
⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于
∪ union of 并，合集
∩ intersection of 交，通集
∫ the integral of …的积分
∑ (sigma) summation of 总和
° degree 度
′ minute 分
″ second 秒
℃ Celsius system 摄氏度
{ open brace, open curly 左花括号
} close brace, close curly 右花括号
( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号
) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号
() brakets/ parentheses 括号
[ open bracket 左方括号
] close bracket 右方括号
[] square brackets 方括号
. period, dot 句号，点
| vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线
& ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用
* asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，乘号，星，指针
/ slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号
// slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符
# pound 井号
\ backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符，有时表示转义符或续行符
~ tilde 波浪符
. full stop 句号
, comma 逗号
: colon 冒号
; semicolon 分号
? question mark 问号
! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语)
' apostrophe 撇号
- hyphen 连字号
-- dash 破折号
... dots/ ellipsis 省略号
" single quotation marks 单引号
"" double quotation marks 双引号
‖ parallel 双线号
& ampersand = and
～ swung dash 代字号
§ section; division 分节
+ plus 加号；正号
- minus 减号；负号
± plus or minus 正负号
× is multiplied by 乘号
÷ is divided by 除号
＝ is equal to 等于号
≠ is not equal to 不等于号
≡ is equivalent to 全等于号
≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号
≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号
＜ is less than 小于号
＞ is more than 大于号
≮ is not less than 不小于号
≯ is not more than 不大于号
≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
% per cent 百分之…
‰ per mill 千分之…
∞ infinity 无限大号
．period 句号
，comma 逗号
：colon 冒号
；semicolon 分号
！exclamation 惊叹号
？question mark 问号
￣hyphen 连字符
'apostrophe 省略号；所有格符号
—dash 破折号
‘ ’single quotation marks 单引号
“ ”double quotation marks 双引号
( )parentheses 圆括号
[ ]square brackets 方括号
《 》French quotes 法文引号；书名号
...ellipsis 省略号
¨tandem colon 双点号
"ditto 同上
‖parallel 双线号
／virgule 斜线号
＆ampersand = and
～swung dash 代字号
§section; division 分节号
→arrow 箭号；参见号
＋plus 加号；正号
－minus 减号；负号
±plus or minus 正负号
×is multiplied by 乘号
÷is divided by 除号
＝is equal to 等于号
≠is not equal to 不等于号
≡is equivalent to 全等于号
≌is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号
≈is approximately equal to 约等于号
＜is less than 小于号
＞is more than 大于号
≮is not less than 不小于号
≯is not more than 不大于号
≤is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
≥is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
％per cent 百分之…
‰per mill 千分之…
∞infinity 无限大号
∝varies as 与…成比例
√(square) root 平方根
∵since; because 因为
∴hence 所以
∷equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例
∠angle 角
⌒semicircle 半圆
⊙circle 圆
○circumference 圆周
πpi 圆周率
△triangle 三角形
⊥perpendicular to 垂直于
∪union of 并，合集
∩intersection of 交，通集
∫the integral of …的积分
∑(sigma) summation of 总和
°degree 度
′minute 分
″second 秒
＃number …号
℃Celsius system 摄氏度
＠at 单价
∝ varies as 与…成比例
√ (square) root 平方根
∵ since; because 因为
∴ hence 所以
∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例
∠ angle 角
⌒ semicircle 半圆
⊙ circle 圆
○ circumference 圆周
π pi 圆周率
△ triangle 三角形
⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于
∪ union of 并，合集
∩ intersection of 交，通集
∫ the integral of …的积分
∑ (sigma) summation of 总和
° degree 度
′ minute 分
″ second 秒
℃ Celsius system 摄氏度
{ open brace, open curly 左花括号
} close brace, close curly 右花括号
( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号
) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号
() brakets/ parentheses 括号
[ open bracket 左方括号
] close bracket 右方括号
[] square brackets 方括号
. period, dot 句号，点
| vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线
& ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用
* asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，乘号，星，指针
/ slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号
// slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符
# pound 井号
\ backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符，有时表示转义符或续行符
~ tilde 波浪符
. full stop 句号
, comma 逗号
: colon 冒号
; semicolon 分号
? question mark 问号
! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语)
' apostrophe 撇号
- hyphen 连字号
-- dash 破折号
... dots/ ellipsis 省略号
" single quotation marks 单引号
"" double quotation marks 双引号
‖ parallel 双线号
& ampersand = and
～ swung dash 代字号
§ section; division 分节
+ plus 加号；正号
- minus 减号；负号
± plus or minus 正负号
× is multiplied by 乘号
÷ is divided by 除号
＝ is equal to 等于号
≠ is not equal to 不等于号
≡ is equivalent to 全等于号
≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号
≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号
＜ is less than 小于号
＞ is more than 大于号
≮ is not less than 不小于号
≯ is not more than 不大于号
≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
% per cent 百分之…
‰ per mill 千分之…
∞ infinity 无限大号
100 business sentences
一百句商务英语口语必背句
1 Do I have to make a reconfirmation? 我还要再确认吗？
2 Is there any earlier one? 还有更早一点的吗？
3 Could you tell me my reservation number, please?
请你告诉我我的预订号码好吗？
4 Can I get a seat for today's 7:00 a.m. train?
我可以买到今天上午7点的火车座位吗？
5 Could you change my flight date from London to Tokyo?
请你更改一下从伦敦到东京的班机日期好吗？
6 Is there any discount for the USA Rail pass?
火车通行证有折扣吗？
7 May I reconfirm my flight? 我可以确认我的班机吗？
8 Are they all non-reserved seats? 他们全部不预订的吗？
9 Do I have to reserve a seat? 我一定要预订座位吗？
10 May I see a timetable? 我可以看时刻表吗？
11 How long will I have to wait? 我要等多久呢？
12 Which would you prefer, a smoking seat or a non-smoking seat?
你喜欢哪种，吸烟座还是禁烟座呢？
13 Do you have any other flights?
14 When would you like to leave?
15 Can I reconfirm by phone? 我能电话确认吗？
16 Where can I make a reservation? 我到哪里可以预订？
17 Do I need a reservation for the dining car? 我需要预订餐车吗？
18 How many more minutes will it take for the train to arrive?
火车还要多少分钟就要到达呢？
19 Is this a daily flight? 这是每日航班吗？
20 Excuse me. May I get by? 对不起，我可以上车吗？
21 How much does it cost to go there by ship?
坐船到那里要花多少钱？
22 Can I cancel this ticket? 我可以取消这票吗？
23 Check it to my final destination把它托运到我的目的地。
24 Please come to the airport by eight thirty at the latest.
最迟要在8点30分到达机场。
25 Take your baggage to the baggage section.
把你的行李拿到行李房去。
26 Please open your baggage. 请把你行李打开。
27 Please fill in this disembarkation card. 请你填写这张入境卡。
28 Let me see your passport, please.
29 I have come to make sure that your stay in Beijing is a pleasant one. 我特地为你们安排使你们在北京的逗留愉快。
30 You're going out of your way for us, I believe.
我相信这是对我们的特殊照顾了。
31 It's just the matter of the schedule, that is, if it is convenient of you right now.
如果你们感到方便的话，我想现在讨论一下日程安排的问题。
32 I think we can draw up a tentative plan now.
我认为现在可以先草拟一具临时方案。
33 If he wants to make any changes, minor alternations can be made then. 如果他有什幺意见，我们还可以对计划稍加修改。
34 Is there any way of ensuring we'll have enough time for our talks?
我们是否能保证有充足的时间来谈判？
35 So our evenings will be quite full then?
那幺我们的活动在晚上也安排满了吗？
36 We'll leave some evenings free, that is, if it is all right with you.
如果你们愿意，我们想留几晚供你们自由支配。
37 We'd have to compare notes on what we've discussed during the day.
我们想用点时间来研究讨论一下白天谈判的情况。
38 That'll put us both in the picture.
这样双方都能了解全面的情况。
39 Then we'd have some idea of what you'll need.
那我们会心中有数，知道你们需要什幺了。
40 I can't say for certain off-hand. 我还不能马上说定。
41 Better have something we can get our hands on rather than just spend all our time talking.
有些实际材料拿到手总比坐着闲聊强。
42 It'll be easier for us to get down to facts then.
这样就容易进行实质性的谈判了。
43 But wouldn't you like to spend an extra day or two here?
你们不愿意在北京多待一天吗？
44 I'm afraid that won't be possible, much as we'd like to.
尽管我们很想这样做，但恐怕不行了。
45 We've got to report back to the head office.
我们还要回去向总部汇报情况呢。
46 Thank you for you cooperation.
47 We've arranged our schedule without any trouble.
我们已经很顺利地把活动日程安排好了。
48 Here is a copy of itinerary we have worked out for you and your friends. Would you please have a look at it?
这是我们为你和你的朋友拟定的活动日程安排。请过目一下，好吗？
49 If you have any questions on the details， feel free to ask.
如果对某些细节有意见的话，请提出来。
50 I can see you have put a lot of time into it.
我相信你在制定这个计划上一定花了不少精力吧。
51 We really wish you'll have a pleasant stay here.
我们真诚地希望你们在这里过得愉快。
52 I wonder if it is possible to arrange shopping for us.
53 Welcome to our factory.
54 I've been looking forward to visiting your factory.
我一直都盼望着参观贵厂。
55 You'll know our products better after this visit.
56 Maybe we could start with the Designing Department.
也许我们可以先参观一下设计部门。
57 Then we could look at the production line.
58 These drawings on the wall are process sheets.
墙上的图表是工艺流程表。
59 They describe how each process goes on to the next.
表述着每道工艺间的衔接情况。
60 We are running on two shifts. 我们实行的工作是两班倒。
61 Almost every process is computerized.
几乎每一道工艺都是由电脑控制的。
62 The efficiency is greatly raised, and the intensity of labor is decreased.
工作效率大大地提高了，而劳动强度却降低了。
63 All products have to go through five checks in the whole process.
所有产品在整个生产过程中得通过五道质检关。
64 We believe that the quality is the soul of an enterprise.
我们认为质量是一个企业的灵魂。
65 Therefore, we always put quality as the first consideration.
因而，我们总是把质量放在第一位。
66 Quality is even more important than quantity.
67 I hope my visit does not cause you too much trouble.
我希望这次参观没给你们增添太多的麻烦。
68 Do we have to wear the helmets? 我们得戴上防护帽吗？
69 Is the production line fully automatic? 生产线是全自动的吗？
70 What kind of quality control do you have?
你们用什幺办法来控制质量呢？
71 All products have to pass strict inspection before they go out.
所有产品出厂前必须要经过严格检查。
72 What's your general impression, may I ask?
73 I'm impressed by your approach to business.
你们经营业务的方法给我留下了很深的印象。
74 The product gives you an edge over your competitors, I guess.
我认为你们的产品可以使你们胜过竞争对手。
75 No one can match us so far as quality is concerned.
就质量而言，没有任何厂家能和我们相比。
76 I think we may be able to work together in the future.
我想也许将来我们可以合作。
77 We are thinking of expanding into the Chinese market.
我们想把生意扩大到中国市场。
78 The purpose of my coming here is to inquire about possibilities of establishing trade relations with your company.
我此行的目的正是想探询与贵公司建立贸易关系的可能性。
79 We would be glad to start business with you.
我们很高兴能与贵公司建立贸易往来。
80 I'd appreciate your kind consideration in the coming negotiation.
洽谈中请你们多加关照。
81 We are happy to be of help. 我们很乐意帮忙。
82 I can assure you of our close cooperation. 我保证通力合作。
83 Would it be possible for me to have a closer look at your samples?
可以让我参观一下你们的产品陈列室吗？
84 It will take me several hours if I really look at everything.
如果全部参观的话，那需要好几个小时。
85 You may be interested in only some of the items.
你也许对某些产品感兴趣。
86. I can just have a glance at the rest.
剩下的部分我粗略地看一下就可以了。
87 They've met with great favor home and abroad.
这些产品在国内外很受欢迎。
88 All these articles are best selling lines.
所有这些产品都是我们的畅销货。
89 Your desire coincides with ours.
我们双方的愿望都是一致的。
90 No wonder you're so experienced. 怪不得你这幺有经验。
91 Textile businesses have become more and more difficult since the competition grew.
随着竞争的加剧，纺织品贸易越来越难做了。
92 Could I have your latest catalogues or something that tells me about your company?
可以给我一些贵公司最近的商品价格目录表或者一些有关说明资料吗？
93 At what time can we work out a deal?
我们什幺时候洽谈生意？
94 I hope to conclude some business with you.
我希望能与贵公司建立贸易关系。
95 We also hope to expand our business with you.
我们也希望与贵公司扩大贸易往来。
96 This is our common desire. 这是我们的共同愿望。
97 I think you probably know China has adopted a flexible policy in her foreign trade.
我想你也许已经了解到中国在对外贸易中采取了灵活的政策。
98 I've read about it, but I'd like to know more about it.
我已经知道了一点儿，但我还想多了解一些。
99 Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
100 How would you like to proceed with the negotiations?
你认为该怎样来进行这次谈判呢？
1 Do I have to make a reconfirmation? 我还要再确认吗？
2 Is there any earlier one? 还有更早一点的吗？
3 Could you tell me my reservation number, please?
请你告诉我我的预订号码好吗？
4 Can I get a seat for today's 7:00 a.m. train?
我可以买到今天上午7点的火车座位吗？
5 Could you change my flight date from London to Tokyo?
请你更改一下从伦敦到东京的班机日期好吗？
6 Is there any discount for the USA Rail pass?
火车通行证有折扣吗？
7 May I reconfirm my flight? 我可以确认我的班机吗？
8 Are they all non-reserved seats? 他们全部不预订的吗？
9 Do I have to reserve a seat? 我一定要预订座位吗？
10 May I see a timetable? 我可以看时刻表吗？
11 How long will I have to wait? 我要等多久呢？
12 Which would you prefer, a smoking seat or a non-smoking seat?
你喜欢哪种，吸烟座还是禁烟座呢？
13 Do you have any other flights?
14 When would you like to leave?
15 Can I reconfirm by phone? 我能电话确认吗？
16 Where can I make a reservation? 我到哪里可以预订？
17 Do I need a reservation for the dining car? 我需要预订餐车吗？
18 How many more minutes will it take for the train to arrive?
火车还要多少分钟就要到达呢？
19 Is this a daily flight? 这是每日航班吗？
20 Excuse me. May I get by? 对不起，我可以上车吗？
21 How much does it cost to go there by ship?
坐船到那里要花多少钱？
22 Can I cancel this ticket? 我可以取消这票吗？
23 Check it to my final destination把它托运到我的目的地。
24 Please come to the airport by eight thirty at the latest.
最迟要在8点30分到达机场。
25 Take your baggage to the baggage section.
把你的行李拿到行李房去。
26 Please open your baggage. 请把你行李打开。
27 Please fill in this disembarkation card. 请你填写这张入境卡。
28 Let me see your passport, please.
29 I have come to make sure that your stay in Beijing is a pleasant one. 我特地为你们安排使你们在北京的逗留愉快。
30 You're going out of your way for us, I believe.
我相信这是对我们的特殊照顾了。
31 It's just the matter of the schedule, that is, if it is convenient of you right now.
如果你们感到方便的话，我想现在讨论一下日程安排的问题。
32 I think we can draw up a tentative plan now.
我认为现在可以先草拟一具临时方案。
33 If he wants to make any changes, minor alternations can be made then. 如果他有什幺意见，我们还可以对计划稍加修改。
34 Is there any way of ensuring we'll have enough time for our talks?
我们是否能保证有充足的时间来谈判？
35 So our evenings will be quite full then?
那幺我们的活动在晚上也安排满了吗？
36 We'll leave some evenings free, that is, if it is all right with you.
如果你们愿意，我们想留几晚供你们自由支配。
37 We'd have to compare notes on what we've discussed during the day.
我们想用点时间来研究讨论一下白天谈判的情况。
38 That'll put us both in the picture.
这样双方都能了解全面的情况。
39 Then we'd have some idea of what you'll need.
那我们会心中有数，知道你们需要什幺了。
40 I can't say for certain off-hand. 我还不能马上说定。
41 Better have something we can get our hands on rather than just spend all our time talking.
有些实际材料拿到手总比坐着闲聊强。
42 It'll be easier for us to get down to facts then.
这样就容易进行实质性的谈判了。
43 But wouldn't you like to spend an extra day or two here?
你们不愿意在北京多待一天吗？
44 I'm afraid that won't be possible, much as we'd like to.
尽管我们很想这样做，但恐怕不行了。
45 We've got to report back to the head office.
我们还要回去向总部汇报情况呢。
46 Thank you for you cooperation.
47 We've arranged our schedule without any trouble.
我们已经很顺利地把活动日程安排好了。
48 Here is a copy of itinerary we have worked out for you and your friends. Would you please have a look at it?
这是我们为你和你的朋友拟定的活动日程安排。请过目一下，好吗？
49 If you have any questions on the details， feel free to ask.
如果对某些细节有意见的话，请提出来。
50 I can see you have put a lot of time into it.
我相信你在制定这个计划上一定花了不少精力吧。
51 We really wish you'll have a pleasant stay here.
我们真诚地希望你们在这里过得愉快。
52 I wonder if it is possible to arrange shopping for us.
53 Welcome to our factory.
54 I've been looking forward to visiting your factory.
我一直都盼望着参观贵厂。
55 You'll know our products better after this visit.
56 Maybe we could start with the Designing Department.
也许我们可以先参观一下设计部门。
57 Then we could look at the production line.
58 These drawings on the wall are process sheets.
墙上的图表是工艺流程表。
59 They describe how each process goes on to the next.
表述着每道工艺间的衔接情况。
60 We are running on two shifts. 我们实行的工作是两班倒。
61 Almost every process is computerized.
几乎每一道工艺都是由电脑控制的。
62 The efficiency is greatly raised, and the intensity of labor is decreased.
工作效率大大地提高了，而劳动强度却降低了。
63 All products have to go through five checks in the whole process.
所有产品在整个生产过程中得通过五道质检关。
64 We believe that the quality is the soul of an enterprise.
我们认为质量是一个企业的灵魂。
65 Therefore, we always put quality as the first consideration.
因而，我们总是把质量放在第一位。
66 Quality is even more important than quantity.
67 I hope my visit does not cause you too much trouble.
我希望这次参观没给你们增添太多的麻烦。
68 Do we have to wear the helmets? 我们得戴上防护帽吗？
69 Is the production line fully automatic? 生产线是全自动的吗？
70 What kind of quality control do you have?
你们用什幺办法来控制质量呢？
71 All products have to pass strict inspection before they go out.
所有产品出厂前必须要经过严格检查。
72 What's your general impression, may I ask?
73 I'm impressed by your approach to business.
你们经营业务的方法给我留下了很深的印象。
74 The product gives you an edge over your competitors, I guess.
我认为你们的产品可以使你们胜过竞争对手。
75 No one can match us so far as quality is concerned.
就质量而言，没有任何厂家能和我们相比。
76 I think we may be able to work together in the future.
我想也许将来我们可以合作。
77 We are thinking of expanding into the Chinese market.
我们想把生意扩大到中国市场。
78 The purpose of my coming here is to inquire about possibilities of establishing trade relations with your company.
我此行的目的正是想探询与贵公司建立贸易关系的可能性。
79 We would be glad to start business with you.
我们很高兴能与贵公司建立贸易往来。
80 I'd appreciate your kind consideration in the coming negotiation.
洽谈中请你们多加关照。
81 We are happy to be of help. 我们很乐意帮忙。
82 I can assure you of our close cooperation. 我保证通力合作。
83 Would it be possible for me to have a closer look at your samples?
可以让我参观一下你们的产品陈列室吗？
84 It will take me several hours if I really look at everything.
如果全部参观的话，那需要好几个小时。
85 You may be interested in only some of the items.
你也许对某些产品感兴趣。
86. I can just have a glance at the rest.
剩下的部分我粗略地看一下就可以了。
87 They've met with great favor home and abroad.
这些产品在国内外很受欢迎。
88 All these articles are best selling lines.
所有这些产品都是我们的畅销货。
89 Your desire coincides with ours.
我们双方的愿望都是一致的。
90 No wonder you're so experienced. 怪不得你这幺有经验。
91 Textile businesses have become more and more difficult since the competition grew.
随着竞争的加剧，纺织品贸易越来越难做了。
92 Could I have your latest catalogues or something that tells me about your company?
可以给我一些贵公司最近的商品价格目录表或者一些有关说明资料吗？
93 At what time can we work out a deal?
我们什幺时候洽谈生意？
94 I hope to conclude some business with you.
我希望能与贵公司建立贸易关系。
95 We also hope to expand our business with you.
我们也希望与贵公司扩大贸易往来。
96 This is our common desire. 这是我们的共同愿望。
97 I think you probably know China has adopted a flexible policy in her foreign trade.
我想你也许已经了解到中国在对外贸易中采取了灵活的政策。
98 I've read about it, but I'd like to know more about it.
我已经知道了一点儿，但我还想多了解一些。
99 Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
100 How would you like to proceed with the negotiations?
你认为该怎样来进行这次谈判呢？
西餐英语词汇,包括调料名和水果名.
西餐与日本料理:
menu 菜单
French cuisine 法国菜
today’s special 今日特餐
chef’s special 主厨特餐
buffet 自助餐
fast food 快餐
specialty 招牌菜
continental cuisine 欧式西餐
aperitif 饭前酒
dim sum 点心
French fires 炸薯条
baked potato 烘马铃薯
mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥
omelette 简蛋卷
pudding 布丁
pastries 甜点
pickled vegetables 泡菜
kimchi 韩国泡菜
crab meat 蟹肉
prawn 明虾
conch 海螺
escargots 田螺
braised beef 炖牛肉
bacon 熏肉
poached egg 荷包蛋
sunny side up 煎一面荷包蛋
over 煎两面荷包蛋
fried egg 煎蛋
over easy 煎半熟蛋
over hard 煎全熟蛋
scramble eggs 炒蛋
boiled egg 煮蛋
stone fire pot 石头火锅
sashi 日本竹筷
sake 日本米酒
miso shiru 味噌汤
roast meat 铁板烤肉
sashimi 生鱼片
butter 奶油
常用西餐英語詞汇
肉汤 broth
奶油鸡茸汤 creamed mashed chicken soup; mashed chicken soup with cream
奶油蟹肉汤 creamed crab meat soup; crab meat soup with cream
奶油口蘑解肉汤 creamed mushroom soup with crab meat
奶油大虾汤 creamed prawn soup; prawn soup with cream
奶油鲍鱼汤 creamed abalone soup; abalone soup with cream
奶油龙须菜汤 creamed asparagus soup; asparagus soup with cream
奶油芦笋汤 creamed asparagus soup; asparagus soup with cream
奶油菜花汤 creamed cauliflower soup; cauliflower soup with cream
奶油口蘑菜花汤 creamed mushroom soup with cauliflower
奶油蕃茄汤 creamed tomato soup; tomato soup with cream
奶油菠菜汤 creamed spinach soup; spinach soup with cream
奶油豌豆汤 creamed peas soup; peas soup with cream
肉杂拌汤 mixed meat soup
牛尾汤 ox-tail soup
牛肉丸子汤 beef balls soup
牛肉蔬菜汤 beef soup with vegetables
冷牛肉茶 cold beef tea
口蘑鸡汤 chicken soup with mushrooms
番茄鸡汤 chicken soup with tomato
鸡腿蔬菜汤 chicken leg soup with vegetables
咖哩鸡丁汤 curry chicken cubes soup
鸡块汤 chicken chips soup
鸡块面条汤 noodles soup with chicken chips
鸡球蔬菜汤 chicken meatballs soup with vegetables
鸡杂菠菜汤 chicken giblets soup with spinach
家常鱼汤 fish soup in home style
红鱼汤 fish soup with tomato
红菜汤 borsch
丸子蔬菜汤 meat balls soup with vegetables
酸菜汤 sour cabbage soup
洋葱汤 onion soup
白豆汤 white beam soup
豌豆泥汤 mashed pea soup
清汤肉饼 consomme with meat pie
面球汤 dumplings soup
通心粉清汤 consomme with macaroni
清汤卧果 consomme with poached eggs
肉类：
红焖里脊 braised fillet
铁扒里脊 grilled fillet
炸里脊片 fried fillet slices
洋葱软炸里脊片 soft fried fillet slices with onion
红酒里脊 fillet with red wine
罐焖里脊 fillet a la Duchesse
里脊串 fillet shashlik
火锅里脊 fillet podjarka
里脊扒 fillet steak
鸡蛋里脊扒 fillet steak with egg
口蘑汁里脊扒 fillet steak with mushroom sauce
奶油口蘑里脊丝 fillet a la Stroganoff
咖哩里脊丝 curry shredded fillet
总会牛排 club steak
牛肉扒 beef steak
牛肉扒托蛋 beef steak with egg
咖哩牛肉 curry beef
汉堡牛排 Hamburg steak; hamburger
什锦汁牛肉丸子 beef balls with mixed sauce
家常焖牛肉 braised beef in home style
鱼虾类：
番茄汁蘑菇蒸鱼
steamed fish with mushrooms and tomato sauce
土豆煮鱼 boiled fish with potatoes
黄油汁土豆煮鱼 boiled fish and potato with butter sauce
炸明虾 fried prawns
软煎大虾 soft-fried prawns
黄油汁煎大虾 fried prawns with butter sauce
罐焖大虾 prawns a la Duchesse
奶酪口蘑烤大虾 prawns au gratin
火腿奶酪炸大虾 fried prawns with ham and cheese
铁扒大虾 grilled prawns
大虾蛋奶酥 prawn souffle
炸桂鱼 fried mandarin fish
土豆炸桂鱼 fried mandarin fish with potatoes
番茄汁炸鱼 fried fish with tomato sauce
奶油汁炸鱼 fried fish with cream sauce
鞑靼汁炸鱼 fried fish with Tartar sauce
清煎鲤鱼 fried carp
火腿汁煎鱼 fried fish with ham sauce
俄式煎鱼 fish a la Russia
罐焖鱼 fish a la Duchesse
罐焖桂鱼 mandarin fish a la Duchesse
火锅鱼片 fish podjarka
火锅鱼虾 fish and prawns podjarka
火锅大虾 prawns podjarka
炭烧鱼串 fish shashlik
炭烧鱼段 fish chips shashlik
铁扒桂鱼 grilled mandarin fish
铁扒比目鱼 grilled turbot
奶油汁烤鱼 baked fish with cream sauce
鱼排 fish steak
奶油口蘑烤桂鱼 mandarin fish au gratin
奶酪口蘑烤鱼虾 fish and prawns au gratin
白汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with white
白酒汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with white wine
红酒蒸鱼 steamed fish with red wine
番茄汁蒸鱼 steamed fish tomato sauce
柠檬汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with lemon sauce
鸡蛋汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with egg sauce
口蘑汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with mushroom sauce
红汁蘑菇蒸鱼 steamed fish with mushrooms and brown sauce
鸡鸭类：
鸡鸭 chicken and duck
烤鸡 roast chicken
烤油鸡 roast chicken
素菜烤鸡 roast chicken with vegetables
棒棒鸡 bon bon chicken
煎鸡 fried chicken
炸笋鸡 fried spring chicken
炸鸡 deep-fried chicken
炸鸡肉串 fried chicken shashlik
鸡肝串 chicken liver shashlik
通心粉煮鸡 boiled chicken with macaroni
奶汁煮鸡 boiled chicken with cream sauce
铁扒笋鸡 grilled spring chicken
焖鸡 braised chicken
家常焖鸡 braised chicken in home style
黄油焖鸡 braised chicken with butter
黄油焖笋鸡 braised spring chicken with butter
黄油焖鸡腿 braised chicken legs with butter
红焖鸡块 braised chicken chips
火锅鸡 podjarka chicken
罐焖鸡 chicken a la Duchesse
罐焖笋鸡 spring chicken a la Duchesse
高加索焖鸡 chicken a la Caucasus
比利时烩鸡 Belgian stewed chicken
奶油烩鸡片 stewed chicken slices with cream
米饭烩鸡鸭 stewed chicken and duck with rice
奶油烩鸡饭 stewed chicken and rice with cream
咖哩鸡饭 curry chicken with rice
细面条白汁鸡腿 chicken legs with spaghetti
鸡肉蛋奶酥 chicken souffle
烤鸭 roast duck
酸菜烤鸭 roast duck with sour cabbage
罐焖鸭 duck a la Duchesse
黄油汁煎鸭肝 fried duck liver with butter sauce
烤野鸭 roast wild duck
酸菜烤野鸭 roast wild duck with sour cabbage
蔬菜烤鸡鸭 roast chicken and duck with vegetables 野味 game
黄油焖鸽子 braised pigeon with butter; braised dove with butter
苹果汁烤火鸡 roast turkey with apple sauce
咸肉焖山猫 braised hare with bacon
山鸡串 pheasant shashlik
酸菜烤野鹅 roast wild goose with sour cabbage
烤仙鹤 roast crane
焖沙鸡 braised partridge
焖山鹑 braised partridge
热小菜：
奶油烩香肠 stewed sausage with cream
红烩灌肠 stewed sausage with brown sauce
红酒汁烩腰花 stewed kidney with red wine； kidney with red wine
奶油烩腰花 stewed kidney with cream; kidney with cream
芥末煎火腿豌豆 fried ham and peas with mustard
奶油煎火腿豌豆 fried ham and peas with cream
奶油汁煎牛肝 fried liver with cream sauce; liver with cream sauce
鸡蛋汁煎鲱鱼 fried herring with egg sauce
奶酪口蘑烤鱼 fish au gratin
奶酪口蘑烤蟹肉 crab meat au gratin
奶油奶酪口蘑烤蟹肉 crab meat au gratin with cream
清煎鸡蛋 fried eggs
咸肉煎蛋 fried eggs with bacon; bacon and eggs
番茄炒蛋 tomato omelette/omelet
冷菜：
1. 冷菜 cold dish
1)沙拉/沙拉/色拉 salad
火腿沙拉 ham salad
鸡沙拉 chicken salad
鸡脯沙拉 chicken-breast salad
鸡丝沙拉 shredded chicken salad
鸡蛋沙拉 egg salad
鱼片沙拉 fish salad
虾仁沙拉 shrimp salad
大虾沙拉 prawn salad
蟹肉沙拉 crab salad
素沙拉 vegetable salad
蔬菜沙拉 vegetable salad
鲜蔬菜沙拉 fresh vegetable salad
黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad
鲜黄瓜沙拉 fresh cucumber salad
奶油黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad with cream
西红柿黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad with tomato
西红柿沙拉 tomato salad
甜菜沙拉 beetroot salad
红菜头沙拉 beetroot salad
沙拉油 salad dressing; mayonnaise
沙拉酱 salad dressing; mayonnaise
2)肉 meat
冷杂拌肉 cold mixed meat
冷什锦肉 cold mixed meat
冷肉拼香肠 cold meat and sausage
冷火腿蔬菜 cold ham with vegetables
什锦肉冻 mixed meat jelly
肝泥 mashed liver; live paste
牛肝泥 mashed ox liver; ox liver paste
牛脑泥 mashed ox brain; ox brain paste
冷烤牛肉 cold roast beef
冷烤里脊 cold roast fillet
冷烤羔羊腿 cold roast lamb leg
冷烤猪肉 cold roast pork
冷烩茶肠 cold stewed sausage
冷茶肠 cold sausage
奶酪 cheese
3)鱼 fish
红烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with brown sauce
茄汁烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with tomato sauce
鸡蛋鲱鱼泥子 minced herring with eggs
鸡蛋托鲱鱼 herring on eggs
熏鲱鱼 smoked herring
熏鲤鱼 smoked carp
沙丁油鱼 sardines
鱼肉冻 fish jelly
酿馅鱼 stuffed fish
红鱼子酱 red caviar
黑鱼子酱 black caviar
大虾泥 minced prawns
蟹肉泥 minced crab meat
4)家禽 poultry
鸡肉冻 chicken jelly; chicken in aspic
水晶鸡 chicken in aspic
鸡肉泥 minced chicken meat; chicken paste
鸡肝泥 minced chicken liver; chicken liver paste
鸭肝泥 minced duck liver; duck liver paste
酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs
奶酪酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs with cheese
酿馅鸡 stuffed chicken
冷烤油鸡蔬菜 cold roast chicken with vegetables
冷烤火鸡 cold roast turkey
冷烤山鸡 cold roast pheasant
冷烤野鸡 cold roast pheasant
冷烤鸭 cold roast duck
冷烤野鸭 cold roast wild duck
烤鸭冻粉 roast duck jelly
冷烤鹅 cold roast goose
冷烤野鹅 cold roast wild goose
5)素菜 vegetable dish
什锦蔬菜 assorted vegetables
红烩茄子 stewed egg-plant brown sauce
酿青椒 stuffed green pepper
酿西红柿 stuffed tomato
酸蘑菇 sour mushrooms
酸黄瓜 sour cucumbers;
pickled cucumbers
泡菜 pickled cabbage; sour and sweet cabbage
火腿煎蛋 fried eggs with ham; ham and eggs
火腿蛋 fried eggs with ham; ham and eggs
咸肉煎蛋 fried eggs with bacon; bacon and eggs
香肠煎蛋 fried eggs with sausage; sausage and eggs
清炒鸡蛋 omelette/omelet
香肠炒蛋 sausage omelette/omelet
火腿炒蛋 ham omelette/omelet
番茄炒蛋 tomato omelette/omelet
菜花沙蛋 cauliflower omelette/omelet
豌豆炒蛋 green peas omelette/omelet; omelette/omelet with green peas
鲜蘑炒蛋 mushroom omelette/omelet; omelette/omelet with mushrooms
果酱炒蛋 jam omelette/omelet; omelette/omelet with jam
vegetable dish
奶酪口蘑烤蔬菜 vegetables au gratin
黄油菜花 cauliflower with butter
黄油杂拌蔬菜 mixed vegetables with butter
菠菜卧果 spinach with poached egg
奶油汁烤口蘑 baked mushrooms with cream sauce
黄油炒口蘑 fried mushrooms with butter
黄油炒菠菜 fried spinach with butter
黄油炒豌豆 fried peas with butter
黄油炒青豆 fried green peas with butter
炒茄泥 fried mashed egg plants
炸茄子片 fried egg-plant slices
炸番茄 fried tomato
清煎土豆饼 fried potato cake
酿馅西葫芦 stuffed bottle gourd
焖洋白菜卷 braised cabbage rolls
家常焖洋白菜卷 braised cabbage rolls
烩茄子 stewed egg plants
奶油汁烩豌豆 stewed peas with cream sauce
扁豆炒蛋 omelette/omelet with green beans
咖哩素菜 curry vegetables
1、中西餐调味品词汇
油edible oil 盐salt 酱油soy sauce 醋vinegar
葱green onion 姜ginger 蒜garlic 辣椒chili pepper
味精MSG =monosodium glutamate
胡椒pepper 咖喱curry 芥末mustard
番茄酱 ketchup 橄榄油 olive oil
2、关于味道的词汇
酸 sour
甜 sweet
苦 bitter
辣 spicy / hot
咸 salty
3、关于调味品的比喻
吃醋 be jealous of a rival in love
吃苦 bear hardships 或者have a rough time.
吃香 be very popular
to add some spice to one’s life 为某人的生活增添一些情趣
三、 美国烧烤酱汁barbecue sauce的做法
首先需要准备的原料及调味品有：
洋葱 onion
可口可乐 Coca-Cola
番茄酱 ketchup
醋 vinegar
盐 salt
甜椒粉 red pepper powder
辣椒酱 chili sauce
制作方法：
1、将洋葱切成丁，用少许油炒一下。
2、在锅里加入炒好的洋葱，再加入1/2罐可口可乐、10勺番茄酱、2勺醋、1/2勺盐、少许甜椒粉及辣椒酱，然后在火上煮大约15分钟。
3、最后把煮好的酱汁涂抹在烤肉上，就可以开始烧烤了。
、“五味蛋花汤”主料:
"坏蛋" jerk
"好蛋" good egg
"笨蛋" fool
"滚蛋" get out
"捣蛋鬼" troublemaker
2、成语
Don't count the chickens
before they're hatched.
不要高兴得太早了
It's a chicken and egg problem.
无聊的争论
egg sb.on 鼓励某人
walk on eggshells小心翼翼的
水果英语
almond杏仁
apple苹果
apple core苹果核
apple juice苹果汁
apple skin苹果皮
apricot杏子
apricot flesh杏肉
apricot pit杏核
areca nut槟榔子
banana香蕉
banana skin香蕉皮
bargain price廉价
beechnut山毛榉坚果
Beijing flowering crab海棠果
bitter苦的
bitterness苦味
bitter orange酸橙
blackberry黑莓
canned fruit罐头水果
carambola杨桃
cherry樱桃
cherry pit樱桃核
cherry pulp樱桃肉
chestnut栗子
Chinese chestnut板栗
Chinese date枣
Chinese gooseberry猕猴桃
Chinese walnut山核桃
coconut椰子
coconut milk椰奶
coconut water椰子汁
cold storage冷藏
cold store冷藏库
crisp脆的
cumquat金桔
damson plum西洋李子
Dangshan pear砀山梨
date枣
date pit枣核
decayed fruit烂果
downy pitch毛桃
dry fruit干果
duke公爵樱桃
early-maturing早熟的
fig无花果
filbert榛子
first class一等地，甲等的
flat peach蟠桃
flavour味道
flesh果肉
flesh fruit肉质果
fresh新鲜的
fresh litchi鲜荔枝
fruiterer水果商
fruit in bags袋装水果
fruit knife水果刀
fruits of the season应时水果
gingko白果，银杏
give full weigh分量准足
give short weight短斤缺两
grape葡萄
grape juice葡萄汁
grape skin葡萄皮
grapestone葡萄核
greengage青梅
Hami melon哈密瓜
Hard坚硬的
haw山楂果
hawthorn山楂
hazel榛子
honey peach水蜜桃
in season应时的
juicy多汁的
juicy peach水蜜桃
jujube枣
kernel仁
kumquat金桔
late-maturing晚熟的
lemon柠檬
litchi荔枝
litchi rind荔枝皮
longan桂圆，龙眼
longan pulp桂圆肉，龙眼肉
loguat枇杷
mandarine柑桔
mango芒果
mature成熟的
morello黑樱桃
muskmelon香瓜，甜瓜
navel orange脐橙
nut坚果
nut meat坚果仁
nut shell坚果壳
oleaster沙枣
olive橄榄
orange柑桔
orange peel柑桔皮
papaya木瓜
peach桃子
pear梨
perishable易腐烂的
pineapple菠萝
plum李子
plumcot李杏
pomegranate石榴
pomelo柚子，文旦
red bayberry杨梅
reduced price处理价
ripe成熟的
rotten fruit烂果
seasonable应时的
seedless orange无核桔
special-grade特级的
strawberry草莓
sultana无核小葡萄
superfine特级的
tangerine柑桔
tart酸的
tender嫩的
tinned fruit罐头水果
unripe未成熟的
walnut胡桃，核桃
walnut kernel核桃仁
water chestnut荸荠
watermelon西瓜
durian 榴莲
menu 菜单
French cuisine 法国菜
today’s special 今日特餐
chef’s special 主厨特餐
buffet 自助餐
fast food 快餐
specialty 招牌菜
continental cuisine 欧式西餐
aperitif 饭前酒
dim sum 点心
French fires 炸薯条
baked potato 烘马铃薯
mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥
omelette 简蛋卷
pudding 布丁
pastries 甜点
pickled vegetables 泡菜
kimchi 韩国泡菜
crab meat 蟹肉
prawn 明虾
conch 海螺
escargots 田螺
braised beef 炖牛肉
bacon 熏肉
poached egg 荷包蛋
sunny side up 煎一面荷包蛋
over 煎两面荷包蛋
fried egg 煎蛋
over easy 煎半熟蛋
over hard 煎全熟蛋
scramble eggs 炒蛋
boiled egg 煮蛋
stone fire pot 石头火锅
sashi 日本竹筷
sake 日本米酒
miso shiru 味噌汤
roast meat 铁板烤肉
sashimi 生鱼片
butter 奶油
常用西餐英語詞汇
肉汤 broth
奶油鸡茸汤 creamed mashed chicken soup; mashed chicken soup with cream
奶油蟹肉汤 creamed crab meat soup; crab meat soup with cream
奶油口蘑解肉汤 creamed mushroom soup with crab meat
奶油大虾汤 creamed prawn soup; prawn soup with cream
奶油鲍鱼汤 creamed abalone soup; abalone soup with cream
奶油龙须菜汤 creamed asparagus soup; asparagus soup with cream
奶油芦笋汤 creamed asparagus soup; asparagus soup with cream
奶油菜花汤 creamed cauliflower soup; cauliflower soup with cream
奶油口蘑菜花汤 creamed mushroom soup with cauliflower
奶油蕃茄汤 creamed tomato soup; tomato soup with cream
奶油菠菜汤 creamed spinach soup; spinach soup with cream
奶油豌豆汤 creamed peas soup; peas soup with cream
肉杂拌汤 mixed meat soup
牛尾汤 ox-tail soup
牛肉丸子汤 beef balls soup
牛肉蔬菜汤 beef soup with vegetables
冷牛肉茶 cold beef tea
口蘑鸡汤 chicken soup with mushrooms
番茄鸡汤 chicken soup with tomato
鸡腿蔬菜汤 chicken leg soup with vegetables
咖哩鸡丁汤 curry chicken cubes soup
鸡块汤 chicken chips soup
鸡块面条汤 noodles soup with chicken chips
鸡球蔬菜汤 chicken meatballs soup with vegetables
鸡杂菠菜汤 chicken giblets soup with spinach
家常鱼汤 fish soup in home style
红鱼汤 fish soup with tomato
红菜汤 borsch
丸子蔬菜汤 meat balls soup with vegetables
酸菜汤 sour cabbage soup
洋葱汤 onion soup
白豆汤 white beam soup
豌豆泥汤 mashed pea soup
清汤肉饼 consomme with meat pie
面球汤 dumplings soup
通心粉清汤 consomme with macaroni
清汤卧果 consomme with poached eggs
肉类：
红焖里脊 braised fillet
铁扒里脊 grilled fillet
炸里脊片 fried fillet slices
洋葱软炸里脊片 soft fried fillet slices with onion
红酒里脊 fillet with red wine
罐焖里脊 fillet a la Duchesse
里脊串 fillet shashlik
火锅里脊 fillet podjarka
里脊扒 fillet steak
鸡蛋里脊扒 fillet steak with egg
口蘑汁里脊扒 fillet steak with mushroom sauce
奶油口蘑里脊丝 fillet a la Stroganoff
咖哩里脊丝 curry shredded fillet
总会牛排 club steak
牛肉扒 beef steak
牛肉扒托蛋 beef steak with egg
咖哩牛肉 curry beef
汉堡牛排 Hamburg steak; hamburger
什锦汁牛肉丸子 beef balls with mixed sauce
家常焖牛肉 braised beef in home style
鱼虾类：
番茄汁蘑菇蒸鱼
steamed fish with mushrooms and tomato sauce
土豆煮鱼 boiled fish with potatoes
黄油汁土豆煮鱼 boiled fish and potato with butter sauce
炸明虾 fried prawns
软煎大虾 soft-fried prawns
黄油汁煎大虾 fried prawns with butter sauce
罐焖大虾 prawns a la Duchesse
奶酪口蘑烤大虾 prawns au gratin
火腿奶酪炸大虾 fried prawns with ham and cheese
铁扒大虾 grilled prawns
大虾蛋奶酥 prawn souffle
炸桂鱼 fried mandarin fish
土豆炸桂鱼 fried mandarin fish with potatoes
番茄汁炸鱼 fried fish with tomato sauce
奶油汁炸鱼 fried fish with cream sauce
鞑靼汁炸鱼 fried fish with Tartar sauce
清煎鲤鱼 fried carp
火腿汁煎鱼 fried fish with ham sauce
俄式煎鱼 fish a la Russia
罐焖鱼 fish a la Duchesse
罐焖桂鱼 mandarin fish a la Duchesse
火锅鱼片 fish podjarka
火锅鱼虾 fish and prawns podjarka
火锅大虾 prawns podjarka
炭烧鱼串 fish shashlik
炭烧鱼段 fish chips shashlik
铁扒桂鱼 grilled mandarin fish
铁扒比目鱼 grilled turbot
奶油汁烤鱼 baked fish with cream sauce
鱼排 fish steak
奶油口蘑烤桂鱼 mandarin fish au gratin
奶酪口蘑烤鱼虾 fish and prawns au gratin
白汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with white
白酒汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with white wine
红酒蒸鱼 steamed fish with red wine
番茄汁蒸鱼 steamed fish tomato sauce
柠檬汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with lemon sauce
鸡蛋汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with egg sauce
口蘑汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with mushroom sauce
红汁蘑菇蒸鱼 steamed fish with mushrooms and brown sauce
鸡鸭类：
鸡鸭 chicken and duck
烤鸡 roast chicken
烤油鸡 roast chicken
素菜烤鸡 roast chicken with vegetables
棒棒鸡 bon bon chicken
煎鸡 fried chicken
炸笋鸡 fried spring chicken
炸鸡 deep-fried chicken
炸鸡肉串 fried chicken shashlik
鸡肝串 chicken liver shashlik
通心粉煮鸡 boiled chicken with macaroni
奶汁煮鸡 boiled chicken with cream sauce
铁扒笋鸡 grilled spring chicken
焖鸡 braised chicken
家常焖鸡 braised chicken in home style
黄油焖鸡 braised chicken with butter
黄油焖笋鸡 braised spring chicken with butter
黄油焖鸡腿 braised chicken legs with butter
红焖鸡块 braised chicken chips
火锅鸡 podjarka chicken
罐焖鸡 chicken a la Duchesse
罐焖笋鸡 spring chicken a la Duchesse
高加索焖鸡 chicken a la Caucasus
比利时烩鸡 Belgian stewed chicken
奶油烩鸡片 stewed chicken slices with cream
米饭烩鸡鸭 stewed chicken and duck with rice
奶油烩鸡饭 stewed chicken and rice with cream
咖哩鸡饭 curry chicken with rice
细面条白汁鸡腿 chicken legs with spaghetti
鸡肉蛋奶酥 chicken souffle
烤鸭 roast duck
酸菜烤鸭 roast duck with sour cabbage
罐焖鸭 duck a la Duchesse
黄油汁煎鸭肝 fried duck liver with butter sauce
烤野鸭 roast wild duck
酸菜烤野鸭 roast wild duck with sour cabbage
蔬菜烤鸡鸭 roast chicken and duck with vegetables 野味 game
黄油焖鸽子 braised pigeon with butter; braised dove with butter
苹果汁烤火鸡 roast turkey with apple sauce
咸肉焖山猫 braised hare with bacon
山鸡串 pheasant shashlik
酸菜烤野鹅 roast wild goose with sour cabbage
烤仙鹤 roast crane
焖沙鸡 braised partridge
焖山鹑 braised partridge
热小菜：
奶油烩香肠 stewed sausage with cream
红烩灌肠 stewed sausage with brown sauce
红酒汁烩腰花 stewed kidney with red wine； kidney with red wine
奶油烩腰花 stewed kidney with cream; kidney with cream
芥末煎火腿豌豆 fried ham and peas with mustard
奶油煎火腿豌豆 fried ham and peas with cream
奶油汁煎牛肝 fried liver with cream sauce; liver with cream sauce
鸡蛋汁煎鲱鱼 fried herring with egg sauce
奶酪口蘑烤鱼 fish au gratin
奶酪口蘑烤蟹肉 crab meat au gratin
奶油奶酪口蘑烤蟹肉 crab meat au gratin with cream
清煎鸡蛋 fried eggs
咸肉煎蛋 fried eggs with bacon; bacon and eggs
番茄炒蛋 tomato omelette/omelet
冷菜：
1. 冷菜 cold dish
1)沙拉/沙拉/色拉 salad
火腿沙拉 ham salad
鸡沙拉 chicken salad
鸡脯沙拉 chicken-breast salad
鸡丝沙拉 shredded chicken salad
鸡蛋沙拉 egg salad
鱼片沙拉 fish salad
虾仁沙拉 shrimp salad
大虾沙拉 prawn salad
蟹肉沙拉 crab salad
素沙拉 vegetable salad
蔬菜沙拉 vegetable salad
鲜蔬菜沙拉 fresh vegetable salad
黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad
鲜黄瓜沙拉 fresh cucumber salad
奶油黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad with cream
西红柿黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad with tomato
西红柿沙拉 tomato salad
甜菜沙拉 beetroot salad
红菜头沙拉 beetroot salad
沙拉油 salad dressing; mayonnaise
沙拉酱 salad dressing; mayonnaise
2)肉 meat
冷杂拌肉 cold mixed meat
冷什锦肉 cold mixed meat
冷肉拼香肠 cold meat and sausage
冷火腿蔬菜 cold ham with vegetables
什锦肉冻 mixed meat jelly
肝泥 mashed liver; live paste
牛肝泥 mashed ox liver; ox liver paste
牛脑泥 mashed ox brain; ox brain paste
冷烤牛肉 cold roast beef
冷烤里脊 cold roast fillet
冷烤羔羊腿 cold roast lamb leg
冷烤猪肉 cold roast pork
冷烩茶肠 cold stewed sausage
冷茶肠 cold sausage
奶酪 cheese
3)鱼 fish
红烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with brown sauce
茄汁烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with tomato sauce
鸡蛋鲱鱼泥子 minced herring with eggs
鸡蛋托鲱鱼 herring on eggs
熏鲱鱼 smoked herring
熏鲤鱼 smoked carp
沙丁油鱼 sardines
鱼肉冻 fish jelly
酿馅鱼 stuffed fish
红鱼子酱 red caviar
黑鱼子酱 black caviar
大虾泥 minced prawns
蟹肉泥 minced crab meat
4)家禽 poultry
鸡肉冻 chicken jelly; chicken in aspic
水晶鸡 chicken in aspic
鸡肉泥 minced chicken meat; chicken paste
鸡肝泥 minced chicken liver; chicken liver paste
鸭肝泥 minced duck liver; duck liver paste
酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs
奶酪酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs with cheese
酿馅鸡 stuffed chicken
冷烤油鸡蔬菜 cold roast chicken with vegetables
冷烤火鸡 cold roast turkey
冷烤山鸡 cold roast pheasant
冷烤野鸡 cold roast pheasant
冷烤鸭 cold roast duck
冷烤野鸭 cold roast wild duck
烤鸭冻粉 roast duck jelly
冷烤鹅 cold roast goose
冷烤野鹅 cold roast wild goose
5)素菜 vegetable dish
什锦蔬菜 assorted vegetables
红烩茄子 stewed egg-plant brown sauce
酿青椒 stuffed green pepper
酿西红柿 stuffed tomato
酸蘑菇 sour mushrooms
酸黄瓜 sour cucumbers;
pickled cucumbers
泡菜 pickled cabbage; sour and sweet cabbage
火腿煎蛋 fried eggs with ham; ham and eggs
火腿蛋 fried eggs with ham; ham and eggs
咸肉煎蛋 fried eggs with bacon; bacon and eggs
香肠煎蛋 fried eggs with sausage; sausage and eggs
清炒鸡蛋 omelette/omelet
香肠炒蛋 sausage omelette/omelet
火腿炒蛋 ham omelette/omelet
番茄炒蛋 tomato omelette/omelet
菜花沙蛋 cauliflower omelette/omelet
豌豆炒蛋 green peas omelette/omelet; omelette/omelet with green peas
鲜蘑炒蛋 mushroom omelette/omelet; omelette/omelet with mushrooms
果酱炒蛋 jam omelette/omelet; omelette/omelet with jam
vegetable dish
奶酪口蘑烤蔬菜 vegetables au gratin
黄油菜花 cauliflower with butter
黄油杂拌蔬菜 mixed vegetables with butter
菠菜卧果 spinach with poached egg
奶油汁烤口蘑 baked mushrooms with cream sauce
黄油炒口蘑 fried mushrooms with butter
黄油炒菠菜 fried spinach with butter
黄油炒豌豆 fried peas with butter
黄油炒青豆 fried green peas with butter
炒茄泥 fried mashed egg plants
炸茄子片 fried egg-plant slices
炸番茄 fried tomato
清煎土豆饼 fried potato cake
酿馅西葫芦 stuffed bottle gourd
焖洋白菜卷 braised cabbage rolls
家常焖洋白菜卷 braised cabbage rolls
烩茄子 stewed egg plants
奶油汁烩豌豆 stewed peas with cream sauce
扁豆炒蛋 omelette/omelet with green beans
咖哩素菜 curry vegetables
1、中西餐调味品词汇
油edible oil 盐salt 酱油soy sauce 醋vinegar
葱green onion 姜ginger 蒜garlic 辣椒chili pepper
味精MSG =monosodium glutamate
胡椒pepper 咖喱curry 芥末mustard
番茄酱 ketchup 橄榄油 olive oil
2、关于味道的词汇
酸 sour
甜 sweet
苦 bitter
辣 spicy / hot
咸 salty
3、关于调味品的比喻
吃醋 be jealous of a rival in love
吃苦 bear hardships 或者have a rough time.
吃香 be very popular
to add some spice to one’s life 为某人的生活增添一些情趣
三、 美国烧烤酱汁barbecue sauce的做法
首先需要准备的原料及调味品有：
洋葱 onion
可口可乐 Coca-Cola
番茄酱 ketchup
醋 vinegar
盐 salt
甜椒粉 red pepper powder
辣椒酱 chili sauce
制作方法：
1、将洋葱切成丁，用少许油炒一下。
2、在锅里加入炒好的洋葱，再加入1/2罐可口可乐、10勺番茄酱、2勺醋、1/2勺盐、少许甜椒粉及辣椒酱，然后在火上煮大约15分钟。
3、最后把煮好的酱汁涂抹在烤肉上，就可以开始烧烤了。
、“五味蛋花汤”主料:
"坏蛋" jerk
"好蛋" good egg
"笨蛋" fool
"滚蛋" get out
"捣蛋鬼" troublemaker
2、成语
Don't count the chickens
before they're hatched.
不要高兴得太早了
It's a chicken and egg problem.
无聊的争论
egg sb.on 鼓励某人
walk on eggshells小心翼翼的
水果英语
almond杏仁
apple苹果
apple core苹果核
apple juice苹果汁
apple skin苹果皮
apricot杏子
apricot flesh杏肉
apricot pit杏核
areca nut槟榔子
banana香蕉
banana skin香蕉皮
bargain price廉价
beechnut山毛榉坚果
Beijing flowering crab海棠果
bitter苦的
bitterness苦味
bitter orange酸橙
blackberry黑莓
canned fruit罐头水果
carambola杨桃
cherry樱桃
cherry pit樱桃核
cherry pulp樱桃肉
chestnut栗子
Chinese chestnut板栗
Chinese date枣
Chinese gooseberry猕猴桃
Chinese walnut山核桃
coconut椰子
coconut milk椰奶
coconut water椰子汁
cold storage冷藏
cold store冷藏库
crisp脆的
cumquat金桔
damson plum西洋李子
Dangshan pear砀山梨
date枣
date pit枣核
decayed fruit烂果
downy pitch毛桃
dry fruit干果
duke公爵樱桃
early-maturing早熟的
fig无花果
filbert榛子
first class一等地，甲等的
flat peach蟠桃
flavour味道
flesh果肉
flesh fruit肉质果
fresh新鲜的
fresh litchi鲜荔枝
fruiterer水果商
fruit in bags袋装水果
fruit knife水果刀
fruits of the season应时水果
gingko白果，银杏
give full weigh分量准足
give short weight短斤缺两
grape葡萄
grape juice葡萄汁
grape skin葡萄皮
grapestone葡萄核
greengage青梅
Hami melon哈密瓜
Hard坚硬的
haw山楂果
hawthorn山楂
hazel榛子
honey peach水蜜桃
in season应时的
juicy多汁的
juicy peach水蜜桃
jujube枣
kernel仁
kumquat金桔
late-maturing晚熟的
lemon柠檬
litchi荔枝
litchi rind荔枝皮
longan桂圆，龙眼
longan pulp桂圆肉，龙眼肉
loguat枇杷
mandarine柑桔
mango芒果
mature成熟的
morello黑樱桃
muskmelon香瓜，甜瓜
navel orange脐橙
nut坚果
nut meat坚果仁
nut shell坚果壳
oleaster沙枣
olive橄榄
orange柑桔
orange peel柑桔皮
papaya木瓜
peach桃子
pear梨
perishable易腐烂的
pineapple菠萝
plum李子
plumcot李杏
pomegranate石榴
pomelo柚子，文旦
red bayberry杨梅
reduced price处理价
ripe成熟的
rotten fruit烂果
seasonable应时的
seedless orange无核桔
special-grade特级的
strawberry草莓
sultana无核小葡萄
superfine特级的
tangerine柑桔
tart酸的
tender嫩的
tinned fruit罐头水果
unripe未成熟的
walnut胡桃，核桃
walnut kernel核桃仁
water chestnut荸荠
watermelon西瓜
durian 榴莲
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